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The Komplete 9 bundles offer some noteworthy upgrades and new additions. They both ship with Battery 4, Native Instruments' ever-popular drum sampler. Battery, free and safe download. Battery latest version: Powerful and complete mixer. Battery is a powerful, trial version program also available for Windows Phone, that is part of th. • • • Website iPhone ( ) is a line of designed and marketed by They run Apple's mobile operating system. The was released on June 29, 2007, and there have been multiple new hardware iterations with new releases since. The is built around the device's screen, including a. The iPhone has and can connect to. An iPhone can (though this was not a standard feature until the ),,, send and receive,, send and receive, follow, record notes, perform mathematical calculations, and receive. Other functionality, such as video games, reference works, and social networking, can be enabled by downloading. As of January 2017, Apple's contained more than 2.2 million applications available for the iPhone. Apple has released eleven of iPhone models, each accompanied by one of the eleven major releases of the operating system. The original was a phone and established design precedents, such as a button placement that has persisted throughout all releases and a screen size maintained for the next four iterations. The added network support, and was followed by the with improved hardware, the with a metal chassis, higher display resolution and front-facing camera, and the with improved hardware and the voice assistant. The featured a taller, 4-inch display and Apple's newly introduced. In 2013, Apple released the with improved hardware and a, and the lower-cost, a version of the 5 with colored plastic casings instead of metal. They were followed by the larger, with models featuring 4.7 and 5.5-inch displays. The was introduced the following year, which featured hardware upgrades and support for, as well as the —which featured hardware from the 6S but the smaller form factor of the 5S. In 2016, Apple unveiled the, which add water resistance, improved system and graphics performance, a new rear dual-camera setup on the Plus model, and new color options, while removing the 3.5 mm headphone jack found on previous models. The were released in 2017, adding a glass back and an improved screen and camera. The was released alongside the 8 and 8 Plus, with its highlights being a near bezel-less design, an improved camera and a new facial recognition system, named, but having no home button, and therefore, no. The original iPhone was described as 'revolutionary' and a 'game-changer' for the mobile phone industry. Newer iterations have also garnered praise, and the iPhone's success has been credited with helping to make Apple one of the world's most valuable publicly traded companies. Coming soon On July 11, 2008, Apple released the iPhone 3G in twenty-two countries, including the original six. Apple released the iPhone 3G in upwards of eighty countries and territories. Apple announced the iPhone 3GS on June 8, 2009, along with plans to release it later in June, July, and August, starting with the US, Canada and major European countries on June 19. Many would-be users objected to the iPhone's cost, and 40% of users had household incomes over US$100,000. The back of the original first generation iPhone was made of aluminum with a black plastic accent. The iPhone 3G and 3GS feature a full plastic back to increase the strength of the signal. The iPhone 3G was available in an 8 GB black model, or a black or white option for the 16 GB model. The iPhone 3GS was available in both colors, regardless of storage capacity. The iPhone 4 has an glass front and back with a edge that serves as the. It was at first available in black; the white version was announced, but not released until April 2011, 10 months later. Users of the iPhone 4 reported dropped/disconnected telephone calls when holding their phones in a certain way. This became known as. On January 11, 2011, announced during a media event that it had reached an agreement with Apple and would begin selling a. Verizon said it would be available for pre-order on February 3, with a release set for February 10. In February 2011, the Verizon iPhone accounted for 4.5% of all iPhone in the US on Millennial Media's mobile ad network. From 2007 to 2011, Apple spent $647 million on advertising for the iPhone in the US. On Tuesday, September 27, Apple sent invitations for a press event to be held October 4, 2011, at 10:00 am at the Headquarters to announce details of the next generation iPhone, which turned out to be. Over 1 million 4S models were sold in the first 24 hours after its release in October 2011. Due to large volumes of the iPhone being manufactured and its high selling price, Apple became the largest mobile handset vendor in the world by revenue, in 2011, surpassing long-time leader. American carrier announced that it would be carrying the iPhone 4S on October 19, 2011. In January 2012, Apple reported its best quarterly earnings ever, with 53% of its revenue coming from the sale of 37 million iPhones, at an of nearly $660. The average selling price has remained fairly constant for most of the phone's lifespan, hovering between $622 and $660. The production price of the iPhone 4S was estimated by, in October 2011, to be $188, $207 and $245, for the 16 GB, 32 GB and 64 GB models, respectively. Labor costs are estimated at between $12.50 and $30 per unit, with workers on the iPhone assembly line making $1.78 an hour. In February 2012, reported that 12.4% of US mobile subscribers used an iPhone. Approximately 6.4 million iPhones are active in the US alone. On September 12, 2012, Apple announced the iPhone 5. It has a 4-inch display, up from its predecessors' 3.5-inch screen. The device comes with the same 326 pixels per inch found in the iPhone 4 and 4S. The iPhone 5 has the A6 processor, the chip is 22% smaller than the iPhone 4S' A5 and is twice as fast, doubling the graphics performance of its predecessor. The device is 18% thinner than the iPhone 4S, measuring 7.6 millimetres (0.3 in), and is 20% lighter at 112 grams (4 oz). On July 6, 2013, it was reported that Apple was in talks with Korean mobile carrier to release the next generation iPhone with LTE Advanced technology. On July 22, 2013, the company's suppliers said that Apple is testing out larger screens for the iPhone and iPad. 'Apple has asked for prototype smartphone screens larger than 4 inches and has also asked for screen designs for a new tablet device measuring slightly less than 13 inches diagonally, they said.' On September 10, 2013, Apple unveiled two new iPhone models during a highly anticipated press event in Cupertino. The iPhone 5C, a mid-range-priced version of the handset that is designed to increase accessibility due to its price is available in five colors (green, blue, yellow, pink, and white) and is made of plastic. The iPhone 5S comes in three colors (black, white, and gold) and the home button is replaced with a fingerprint scanner (Touch ID). Both phones shipped on September 20, 2013. On September 9, 2014, Apple revealed the iPhone 6 and the iPhone 6 Plus at an event in Cupertino. Both devices had a larger screen than their predecessor, at 4.7 and 5.5 inches respectively. In 2016, Apple unveiled the, which add water and dust resistance, improved system and graphics performance, a new dual-camera setup on the Plus model, new color options, and remove the 3.5 mm headphone jack. On September 12, 2017, Apple officially unveiled the iPhone 8 and 8 Plus, which features a new glass design, camera improvements, a True Tone display, wireless charging and improved system performance. It also unveiled the iPhone X, which features a near-bezelless design, face recognition dubbed 'Face ID' with facial tracking used for Animojis, an OLED screen with the highest pixel density on an iPhone, a new telephoto lens which works better in low light conditions, and improved cameras for AR. Sales and profits Apple sold 6.1 million first generation iPhone units over five quarters. Sales in the fourth quarter of 2008, temporarily surpassed those of 's (RIM) sales of 5.2 million units, which briefly made Apple the third largest mobile phone manufacturer by revenue, after and (However, some of this income is ). Recorded sales grew steadily thereafter, and by the end of 2010, a total of 73.5 million iPhones were sold. By 2010, the iPhone had a market share of barely 4% of all cellphones; however, Apple pulled in more than 50% of the total profit that global cellphone sales generate. Apple sold 14.1 million iPhones in the third quarter of 2010, representing a 91% unit growth over the year-ago quarter, which was well ahead of IDC's latest published estimate of 64% growth for the global smartphone market in the September quarter. Apple's sales surpassed that of 's 12.1 million units sold in their most recent quarter ended August 2010. In the United States market alone for the third quarter of 2010, while there were 9.1 million Android-powered smartphones shipped for 43.6% of the market, Apple iOS was the number two phone operating system with 26.2% but the 5.5 million iPhones sold made it the most popular single device. On March 2, 2011, at the launch event, Apple announced that they had sold 100 million iPhones worldwide. As a result of the success of the iPhone sales volume and high selling price, headlined by the, Apple became the largest mobile handset vendor in the world by revenue in 2011, surpassing long-time leader. While the proved more popular than the iPhone 4S in parts of Europe, the iPhone 4S was dominant in the United States. In January 2012, Apple reported its best quarterly earnings ever, with 53% of its revenue coming from the sale of 37 million iPhones, at an of nearly $660. The average selling price has remained fairly constant for most of the phone's lifespan, hovering between $622 and $660. For the eight largest phone manufacturers in Q1 2012, according to Horace Dediu at Asymco, Apple and Samsung combined to take 99% of industry profits (HTC took the remaining 1%, while RIM, LG, Sony Ericsson, Motorola, and Nokia all suffered losses), with Apple earning 73 cents out of every dollar earned by the phone makers. As the industry profits grew from $5.3 billion in the first quarter of 2010 to $14.4 billion in the first quarter of 2012 (quadruple the profits in 2007), Apple had managed to increase its share of these profits. This is due to increasing carrier subsidies and the high selling prices of the iPhone, which had a negative effect on the wireless carriers (AT&T Mobility, Verizon, and Sprint) who have seen their EBITDA service margins drop as they sold an increasing number of iPhones. By the quarter ended March 31, 2012, Apple's sales from the iPhone alone (at $22.7 billion) exceeded the total of from all of its businesses ($17.4 billion). In the fourth quarter of 2012, the and were the best-selling handsets with sales of 27.4 million (13% of smartphones worldwide) and 17.4 million units, respectively, with the in third with 15.4 million. According to Strategy Analytics' data, this was 'an impressive performance, given the iPhone portfolio’s premium pricing,' adding that the Galaxy S III’s global popularity 'appears to have peaked' (the Galaxy S III was touted as an iPhone-killer by some in the press when it was released ). While Samsung has led in worldwide sales of smartphones, Apple's iPhone line has still managed to top Samsung's smartphone offerings in the United States, with 21.4% share and 37.8% in that market, respectively. IOS grew 3.5% to a 37.8%, while Android slid 1.3% to fall to a 52.3% share. The continued top popularity of the iPhone despite growing Android competition was also attributed to Apple being able to deliver updates over the air, while updates are frequently impeded by carrier testing requirements and hardware tailoring, forcing consumers to purchase a new Android smartphone to get the latest version of that OS. However, by 2013, Apple's market share had fallen to 13.1%, due to the surging popularity of the Android offerings. Apple announced on September 1, 2013, that its iPhone trade-in program would be implemented at all of its 250 specialty stores in the US. For the program to become available, customers must have a valid contract and must purchase a new phone, rather than simply receive credit to be used at a later date. A significant part of the program's goal is to increase the number of customers who purchase iPhones at Apple stores rather than carrier stores. On September 20, 2013, the sales date of the iPhone 5S and 5C models, the longest ever queue was observed at the New York City flagship Apple store, in addition to prominent queues in San Francisco, US and Canada; however, locations throughout the world were identified for the anticipation of corresponding consumers. Apple also increased production of the gold-colored iPhone 5S by an additional one-third due to the particularly strong demand that emerged. Apple had decided to introduce a gold model after finding that gold was seen as a popular sign of a luxury product among customers. Apple released its opening weekend sales results for the 5C and 5S models, showing an all-time high for the product's sales figures, with 9 million handsets sold—the previous record was set in 2012, when 5 million handsets were sold during the opening weekend of the 5 model. This was the first time that Apple has simultaneously launched two models and the inclusion of China in the list of markets contributed to the record sales result. Apple also announced that, as of September 23, 2013, 200 million devices were running the iOS 7 update, making it the 'fastest software upgrade in history.' An located at the in, US claimed the highest iPhones sales figures in November 2013. The store's high sales results are due to the absence of a in the state of. The finalization of a deal between Apple and China Mobile, the world's largest mobile network, was announced in late December 2013. The multi-year agreement provides iPhone access to over 760 million China Mobile subscribers. In the first quarter of 2014, Apple reported that it had sold 51 million iPhones, an all-time quarterly record, compared to 47.8 million in the year-ago quarter. IPhone Upgrade Program The iPhone Upgrade Program is a 24-month program designed for consumers to be able to get the latest iPhone every year, without paying the whole price up-front. The program consists of 'low monthly payments', where consumers will gradually pay for the iPhone they have over a 24-month period, with an opportunity to switch (upgrade) to the new iPhone after 12 months of payment have passed. Once 12 months have passed, consumers can trade their current iPhone with a new one, and the payments are transferred from the old device to the new device, and the program 'restarts' with a new 24-month period. Additional features of the program include unlocked handsets, which means consumers are free to pick the network carrier they want, and 2-year AppleCare+ protection, which includes 'hardware repairs, software support, and coverage for up to two incidents of accidental damage'. Criticism of the program includes the potential endless cycle of payments, with 's Damon Beres writing, 'Complete the full 24-month payment cycle, and you’re stuck with an outdated phone. Upgrade every 12 months, and you’ll never stop owing Apple money for iPhones'. Additionally, the program is limited to just the iPhone hardware; cell phone service from a network operator is not included. Legacy Before the release of the iPhone, handset manufacturers such as and were enjoying record sales of based more on fashion and brand rather than technological innovation. The smartphone market, dominated at the time by and devices, was a 'staid, corporate-led smartphone paradigm' focused on enterprise needs. Phones at the time were designed around carrier and business limits which were conservative with regards to bandwidth usage and battery life. Phones were sold in a very large number of models, often segmented by marketing strategy, confusing customers and sapping engineering resources. For example, phones marketed at business were often deliberately stripped of cameras or the ability to play music and games. Apple's approach was to deliberately simplify its product line by offering just one model a year for all customers, while making it an expensive, high-end product. Apple's marketing, developing from the success of iPod campaigns, allowed the phone to become a mass-market product with many buyers on launch day. Some market research has found that, unusually for a technology product, iPhone users are disproportionately female. Noted in 2012 that Apple had avoided 'patronizing' marketing to female customers, a practice used (often to sell low-quality, high-priced products) by many of its competitors. When then-CEO of pried open an iPhone, his impression was of a Mac stuffed into a cellphone, as it used much more memory and processing power than the smartphones on the market at the time. With its and consumer-friendly design, the iPhone fundamentally changed the mobile industry, with proclaiming in 2007, that the phone was not just a communication tool but a way of life. The dominant mobile operating systems at the time such as,, and were not designed to handle additional tasks beyond communication and basic functions. These operating systems never focused on applications and developers, and due to infighting among manufacturers as well as the complexity of developing on their low-memory hardware, they never developed a thriving ecosystem like Apple's or 's. (renamed iOS in 2010) was designed as a robust OS with capabilities such as multitasking and graphics in order to meet future consumer demands. Many services were provided by mobile carriers, who often extensively customized devices. Meanwhile, Apple's decision to base its OS on had the unexpected benefit of allowing OS X developers to rapidly expand into iOS development. Rival manufacturers have been forced to spend more on software and development costs to catch up to the iPhone. The iPhone's success has led to a decline in sales of high-end fashion phones and business-oriented smartphones such as and, as well as Nokia. Nokia realised the limitations of its operating system Symbian and attempted to develop a more advanced system, Maemo, without success. It ultimately agreed to a technology-sharing deal and then a takeover from Microsoft. Prior to the iPhone, 'Handsets were viewed largely as cheap, disposable lures, massively subsidized to snare subscribers and lock them into using the carriers' proprietary services.' However, according to Wired, 'Apple retained complete control over the design, manufacturing, and marketing of the iPhone', meaning that it and not the carrier would control the software updates, and by extension security patches. By contrast, Google has allowed carriers and OEMs to dictate the 'pace of upgrades and pre-load phones with their own software on top of '. As a result, many Android OEMs often lag months behind Google's release of the next iteration of Android; although Nexus and Pixel devices are guaranteed 2 years of operating system updates and a third addition year for security. However, Apple has supported older iterations of iPhones for over 4 years. In December 2017, there were reports that Apple has been using a policy of slowing down the speed of its older iPhones when issuing operating system upgrades. It has spurred allegations that the firm has been using this as a tactic to prompt users of older iPhones to buy newer models. Production Up to the, all iPhone models, as well as other were manufactured exclusively by, based in. In 2011, after became CEO of the company, Apple changed its outsourcing strategy, for the first time increasing its supply partners. The in 2012 was the first model which was manufactured simultaneously by two stand-alone companies: Foxconn as well as, also based in Taiwan. Although Foxconn is still responsible for the larger share of production, Pegatron's orders have been slowly increased, with the company being tasked with producing a part of the line in 2013, and 30% of the devices in 2014. The 6 Plus model is being produced solely by Foxconn. Hardware Screen and input The on the first five generations is a 9 cm (3.5 in) with scratch-resistant glass, while the one on the is 4 inches. The is designed for a bare finger, or multiple fingers for sensing. The screens on the first three generations have a resolution of 320×480 () at 163; those on the and have a resolution of 640×960 at 326 ppi; the 4-inch models, with 640×1136 at 326 ppi; the 4.7-inch models, with 750×1334 at 326 ppi; and the 5.5-inch models, with 1080×1920 at 401 ppi. The initial models were using. Starting with iPhone 4, the technology was changed to. The model's screen results in an aspect ratio of approximately 16:9. The is the first iPhone to use an display. It has a near bezel-less screen with a ~19.5:9 aspect ratio. The touch and gesture features of the iPhone are based on technology originally developed. Most gloves and prevent the necessary electrical conductivity; although can be used with iPhone's finger-touch screen. The iPhone 3GS and later also feature a -resistant coating. The top and side of an iPhone 5S, externally identical to the iPhone 5. From left to right, sides: wake/sleep button, silence switch, volume up, and volume down. The iPhone has a minimal hardware user interface, featuring five. The only physical menu button is situated directly below the display, and is called the 'Home button' because it closes the active app and navigates to the home screen of the interface. The home button is denoted not by a house, as on many other similar devices, but a, reminiscent of the shape of icons on the home screen. However, the Home button on iPhones with Apple's feature (which use the Home button as the fingerprint sensor) have no symbol. The doesn't have a Home button but instead, a facial recognition authentication method. A multi-function sleep/wake button is located on the top of the device. It serves as the unit's power button, and also controls. When a call is received, pressing the sleep/wake button once silences the ringtone, and when pressed twice transfers the call to voicemail. Situated on the left spine are the volume adjustment controls. The iPhone 4 has two separate circular buttons to increase and decrease the volume; all earlier models house two switches under a single plastic panel, known as a rocker switch, which could reasonably be counted as either one or two buttons. Directly above the volume controls is a ring/silent switch that when engaged mutes telephone ringing, alert sounds from new & sent emails, text messages, and other push notifications, camera shutter sounds, Voice Memo sound effects, phone lock/unlock sounds, keyboard clicks, and spoken auto-corrections. This switch does not mute alarm sounds from the Clock application, and in some countries or regions it will not mute the camera shutter or Voice Memo sound effects. All buttons except Home were made of plastic on the original first generation iPhone and metal on all later models. The touchscreen furnishes the remainder of the. A software update in January 2008 allowed the first-generation iPhone to use cell tower and Wi-Fi network locations, despite lacking hardware. Since the iPhone 3G generation, the iPhone employs operated by the United States. Since the iPhone 4S generation the device also supports the global positioning system, which is operated by Russia. The iPhone 6S and 6S Plus, introduced in 2015, feature ' displays which allows the screen to recognize how hard it is being pressed. An example of how this technology will be used is lightly pressing the screen to preview a photograph and pressing down to take it. This section needs additional citations for. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2017) () Latest [ ] iPhone devices feature nine sensors, which are used to adjust the screen based on operating conditions, enable motion-controlled games, and. Proximity sensor A deactivates the display and when the device is brought near the face during a call. This is done to save battery power and to prevent inadvertent inputs from the user's face and ears. Ambient light sensor An adjusts the display brightness which saves battery power and prevents the screen from being too bright or too dark. Accelerometer A 3-axis senses the orientation of the phone and changes the screen accordingly, allowing the user to easily switch between mode. Photo browsing, web browsing, and music playing support both upright and left or right widescreen orientations. Unlike the, the iPhone does not rotate the screen when turned upside-down, with the Home button above the screen, unless the running program has been specifically designed to do so. The 3.0 update added landscape support for still other applications, such as email, and introduced shaking the unit as a form of input. The accelerometer can also be used to control, notably games. It is also used for fitness tracking purposes, primarily as a. Magnetometer A is built-in since the iPhone 3GS, which is used to measure the strength and direction of the magnetic field in the vicinity of the device. Sometimes certain devices or radio signals can interfere with the magnetometer requiring users to either move away from the interference or re-calibrate by moving the device in a figure 8 motion. Since the iPhone 3GS, the iPhone also features a Compass app which was unique at time of release, showing a compass that points in the direction of the magnetic field. Gyroscopic sensor Beginning with the iPhone 4, Apple's smartphones also include a, enhancing its perception of how it is moved. Radio Previous iPhone models contained a chip capable of receiving; however, Apple has the FM radio feature switched off because there was no antenna connected to the chip. Later iterations of the iPhone (starting with the iPhone 7), however, does not contain radio chips at all. A campaign called 'Free Radio On My Phone' was started to encourage cellphone manufacturers such as Apple to enable the radio on the phones they manufacture, reasons cited were that radio drains less power and is useful in an emergency such as the. Fingerprint sensor All iPhone models starting from (excluding the and ) feature Apple's sensor. It is used for unlocking the device and authenticating purchases (since the ) using. It is located in the home button. Barometer Included on the and later (excluding the ), a used to determine air pressure, and elevation from the device. Facial recognition sensor The features a sensor, named the TrueDepth camera system. It is used for unlocking the device and for authenticating purchases using. It can also be used for and. Audio and output. From left to right is the headphone jack, microphone, Lightning connector, and built-in speaker on the base of the iPhone 5S. On the bottom of the iPhone, there is a speaker to the left of the dock connector and a microphone to the right. There is an additional loudspeaker above the screen that serves as an earpiece during phone calls. The iPhone 4 includes an additional at the top of the unit for, and switches the placement of the microphone and speaker on the base on the unit—the speaker is on the right. Volume controls are located on the left side of all iPhone models and as a slider in the iPod application. The 3.5mm for the headphones is located on the top left corner of the device for the first five generations (original through 4S), after which time it was moved to the bottom left corner. The headphone socket on the 1st-generation iPhone is recessed into the casing, making it incompatible with most headsets without the use of an adapter. Subsequent generations eliminated the problem by using a flush-mounted headphone socket. Cars equipped with an allow handsfree use of the iPhone while driving as a substitute for. The iPhone 7 and later have no 3.5mm headphone jack, and instead headsets must connect to the iPhone by, use Apple's (which has replaced the 3.5mm headphone jack), or (for traditional headsets) use the Lightning to 3.5mm headphone jack adapter, which is included with all iPhone 7 and later units, and plugs into the Lightning port. Apple's own has a multipurpose button near the microphone that can play or pause music, skip tracks, and answer or end phone calls without touching the iPhone. Some third-party headsets designed for the iPhone also include the microphone and control button. The current headsets also provide volume controls, which are only compatible with more recent models. A fourth ring in the audio jack carries this extra information. The built-in supports wireless earpieces and headphones, which requires the. Stereo audio was added in the 3.0 update for hardware that supports. While non-sanctioned third-party solutions exist, the iPhone does not officially support the. The lack of these profiles prevents iPhone users from exchanging multimedia files, such as pictures, music and videos, with other Bluetooth-enabled cell phones. Composite or component video at up to and stereo audio can be output from the dock connector using an adapter sold by Apple. IPhone 4 also supports 1024×768 output without audio, and output, with stereo audio, via dock adapters. The iPhone did not support until the 3.0 software update. Replacing the battery requires disassembling the iPhone unit and exposing the internal hardware The iPhone features an internal rechargeable. Like an iPod, but unlike most other mobile phones at the time of its launch, the battery is not user-replaceable. The iPhone can be charged when connected to a computer for syncing across the included USB to dock connector cable, similar to. Alternatively, a USB to AC adapter (or 'wall charger,' also included) can be connected to the cable to charge directly from an. Apple runs tests on preproduction units to determine battery life. Apple's website says that the battery life 'is designed to retain up to 80% of its original capacity after 400 full charge and discharge cycles', which is comparable to iPod batteries. The battery life of early models of the iPhone has been criticized by several technology journalists as insufficient and less than Apple's claims. This is also reflected by a customer satisfaction survey, which gave the 'battery aspects' of the iPhone 3G its lowest rating of 2 out of 5 stars. If the battery malfunctions or dies prematurely, the phone can be returned to Apple and replaced for free while still under. The warranty lasts one year from purchase and can be extended to two years with. The battery replacement service and its pricing was not made known to buyers until the day the product was launched; it is similar to how Apple (and third parties) replace batteries for iPods. The, a group, has sent a complaint to Apple and over the fee that consumers have to pay to have the battery replaced. Since July 2007, third-party battery replacement kits have been available at a much lower price than Apple's own battery replacement program. These kits often include a small screwdriver and an instruction leaflet, but as with many newer iPod models the battery in the first generation iPhone has been in. Therefore, a soldering iron is required to install the new battery. The iPhone 3G uses a different battery fitted with a connector that is easier to replace. The iPhone X features a different battery, with two battery cells, and the adhesive pull tabs are adhered to the sides instead of folded over the top, therefore making repairs a little more difficult than before. A patent filed by the corporation, published in late July 2013, revealed the development of a new iPhone battery system that uses location data in combination with data on the user's habits to moderate the handsets power settings accordingly. Apple is working towards a power management system that will provide features such as the ability to estimate the length of time a user will be away from a power source to modify energy usage and a detection function that adjusts the charging rate to best suit the type of power source that is being used. This section needs additional citations for. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2017) () The 1st-generation iPhone and iPhone 3G have a 2.0- camera on the back for digital photos. It has no optical zoom, flash or, and does not natively support video recording. (iPhone (original) & 3G can record video via a third-party app available on the App Store, and also allows users to do so.) IPhone OS 2.0 introduced for photos. The iPhone 3GS has a 3.2-megapixel camera with autofocus, auto white balance, and auto macro (up to 10 cm). Manufactured by, the camera can also capture 640×480 ( resolution) video at 30 frames per second. The video can be on the iPhone and directly uploaded to YouTube or other services. The iPhone 4 introduced a 5.0- camera (2592×1936 pixels) that can record video at resolution, considered. It also has a sensor that can capture pictures in low light and an that can stay lit while recording video. It is the first iPhone that can natively do. The iPhone 4 also has a second camera on the front that can take photos and record video. Saved recordings may be synced to the host computer, attached to email, or (where supported) sent. The iPhone 4S' camera can shoot 8-MP stills and 1080p video, can be accessed directly from the lock screen, and can be triggered using the volume-up button as a shutter trigger. The built-in gyroscope can stabilize the image while recording video. The and, running or later, can take panoramas using the built-in camera app, and the can also take still photos while recording video. The camera on the reportedly shows purple haze when the light source is just out of frame, although Consumer Reports said it 'is no more prone to purple hazing on photos shot into a bright light source than its predecessor or than several Android phones with fine cameras.' On all five model generations, the phone can be configured to bring up the camera app by quickly pressing the home key twice. On all iPhones running, it can also be accessed from the lock screen directly. The iPhone 5S features True Tone Flash, which has two LED lights, white and amber, that will improve white balance and will be adjusted in 1,000 combinations. The iPhone 6 and 6 Plus included, while the 6 Plus has. Both models can now shoot 1080p videos at 60 frames per second. The iPhone 6S and 6S Plus are outfitted with a 12 megapixel camera, with 4K HD video capability. It also updated its front camera to 5 megapixels, which is good for capturing self-portraits. The user may change the resolution between 4K and 1080p from Settings. The iPhone 7 features OIS on its rear camera, a feature that was previously exclusive to the Plus models, and the 7 Plus is the first iPhone to feature dual-lens cameras (both 12 MP), and they both have a 7 MP front-facing camera. The second camera on the iPhone 7 Plus is a, which enables 2x optical zoom and up to 10x digital zoom. The rear cameras on the 7 and 7 Plus both have a f/1.8. It also has a new quad-LED True Tone flash, which is brighter compared to its predecessors. The iPhone 8 camera remains largely the same as its predecessor, but it features a larger sensor, and a newer color filter. The camera can also now record at 60 and 24 frames per second, and at in 240 frames per second. The new camera system also enables Portrait Lighting, which defines the light in a scene. It also features a quad-LED True Tone flash, but it now has 2× better light uniformity and Slow Sync. The iPhone X camera is almost the same as the iPhone 8's camera, but the lens now has an of f/2.4 and optical image stabilization. The front camera also has Portrait Mode and Portrait Lighting, due to the new TrueDepth camera system. This section needs additional citations for. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2017) () The iPhone was initially released with two options for internal storage size: 4 GB or 8 GB. On September 5, 2007, Apple discontinued the 4 GB models. On February 5, 2008, Apple added a 16 GB model. The iPhone 3G was available in 16 GB and 8 GB. The iPhone 3GS came in 16 GB and 32 GB variants and remained available in 8 GB until September 2012, more than three years after its launch. The iPhone 4 was available in 16 GB and 32 GB variants, as well as an 8 GB variant to be sold alongside the iPhone 4S at a reduced price point. The iPhone 4S was available in three sizes: 16 GB, 32 GB and 64 GB. The iPhone 5 and 5S were available in the same three sizes previously available to the iPhone 4S: 16 GB, 32 GB, and 64 GB. The lower-cost iPhone 5C model was initially available in 16 GB and 32 GB models; an 8 GB model was added later. The iPhone 6 and 6S are available in three sizes: 16 GB, 64 GB, and 128 GB. The iPhone SE is available in 16 GB and 64 GB variants. By the time the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus was released, Apple ditched the based model from 16 GB to 32 GB as the base storage. Both 7 & 7 Plus has a configuration of 32, 128, & 256 GB storage option. And Apple also doubled the storage on the iPhone 6S & 6S Plus in 2 configurations (32 GB & 128 GB), as well as the iPhone SE six months later. An iPhone 5S with the SIM slot open. The SIM ejector tool is still placed in the eject hole. Models of the iPhone use a to identify themselves to the GSM network. The SIM sits in a tray, which is inserted into a slot at the top of the device. The SIM tray can be ejected with a or the 'SIM ejector tool' (a simple piece of die-cut sheet metal) included with the iPhone 3G and 3GS in the United States and with all models elsewhere in the world. Some iPhone models shipped with a SIM ejector tool which was fabricated from an alloy dubbed '. In most countries, the iPhone is usually sold with a, which prevents the iPhone from being used on a different mobile network. The iPhone 4 features a card that is located in a slot on the right side of the device. The model of the iPhone 4, just the same as any other CDMA-only cell phone, does not use a SIM card or have a SIM card slot. An iPhone 4S activated on a CDMA carrier, however, does have a SIM card slot but does not rely on a SIM card for activation on that CDMA network. A CDMA-activated iPhone 4S usually has a carrier-approved roaming SIM preloaded in its SIM slot at the time of purchase that is used for roaming on certain carrier-approved international GSM networks only. The SIM slot is locked to only use the roaming SIM card provided by the CDMA carrier. In the case of Verizon, for example, one can request that the SIM slot be unlocked for international use by calling their support number and requesting an international unlock if their account has been in good standing for the past 60 days. This method only unlocks the iPhone 4S for use on international carriers. An iPhone 4S that has been unlocked in this way will reject any non international SIM cards (AT&T Mobility or T-Mobile USA, for example). The iPhone 5 and later iPhones use the, in order to save more space for internal components. Liquid contact indicators All iPhones (as well as many other devices by Apple) have a small disc at the bottom of the headphone that changes from white to red on contact with water; the iPhone 3G and later models also have a similar indicator at the bottom of the. Because Apple warranties do not cover water damage, employees examine the indicators before approving. The iPhone's indicators are more exposed than those in some mobile phones from other manufacturers, which carry them in a more protected location, such as beneath the battery behind a battery cover. These indicators can be triggered during routine use, by an owner's sweat, steam in a bathroom, and other light environmental moisture. Criticism led Apple to change its water damage policy for iPhones and similar products, allowing customers to request further internal inspection of the phone to verify if internal liquid damage sensors were triggered. Included items. The contents of the box of an iPhone 4. From left to right: iPhone 4 in plastic holder, written documentation, and (top to bottom) headset, USB cable, wall charger. All include written documentation, and a to cable. The first generation and 3G iPhones also came with a cleaning cloth. The first generation iPhone included a stereo ( and a microphone) and a plastic dock to hold the unit upright while charging and syncing. The iPhone includes a similar headset plus a SIM eject tool (the first generation model requires a ). The iPhone includes the eject tool and a revised headset, which adds volume buttons (not functional with previous iPhone versions). The iPhone 3G and 3GS are compatible with the same dock, sold separately, but not the first generation model's dock. All versions include a USB power adapter, or 'wall charger,' which allows the iPhone to charge from an. The iPhone 3G and iPhone 3GS sold in North America, Japan, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru include an ultracompact USB power adapter. Main articles: and The iPhone runs an known as (formerly iPhone OS). It is a variant of the same operating system core that is found in Mac. Also included is the ' software component from Leopard. Together with the hardware (and on the iPhone 3GS, 2.0), it is responsible for the interface's. The iPhone comes with a set of bundled applications developed by Apple, and supports downloading third-party applications through the. Apple provides free updates to the operating system for the iPhone either wirelessly or through iTunes. Major new updates have historically accompanied new models. The size of the operating system depends on version. While required over 4.5 GB, required only 1.3 GB. Interface The is based around the home screen, a graphical list of available applications. IPhone applications normally run one at a time. Starting with the iPhone 4, a primitive version of multitasking came into play. Users could double click the home button to select recently opened applications. However, the apps never ran in the background. Starting with iOS 7, though, apps can truly multitask, and each open application runs in the background when not in use, although most functionality is still available when making a call or listening to music. The home screen can be accessed at any time by a hardware button below the screen, closing the open application in the process. By default, the Home screen contains the following icons: Messages ( and messaging), Calendar, Photos, Camera, YouTube, Stocks, Maps (), Weather, Voice Memos, Notes, Clock, Calculator, Settings,,, (on the iPhone 3GS and iPhone 4), FaceTime and GameCenter were added in iOS 4.0 and 4.1 respectively. In iOS 5, Reminders and Newsstand were added, as well as the iPod application split into separate Music and Videos applications. IOS 6 added Passbook as well as an updated version of Maps that relies on data provided by TomTom as well as other sources. IOS 6 also added a Clock application onto the iPad's homescreen. YouTube no longer came as a pre-installed application. Docked at the base of the screen, four icons for,, (Internet), and Music delineate the iPhone's main purposes. On January 15, 2008, Apple released software update 1.1.3, allowing users to create 'Web Clips', home screen icons that resemble apps that open a user-defined page in Safari. After the update, iPhone users can rearrange and place icons (by holding down on any icon and moving it to the desired location once they start shaking) on up to nine other adjacent home screens, accessed by a horizontal swipe. Users can also add and delete icons from the dock, which is the same on every home screen. Each home screen holds up to twenty icons for the,, and, while each home screen for holds up to twenty-four icons due to a larger screen display, and the dock holds up to four icons. Users can delete Web Clips and third-party applications at any time, and may select only certain applications for transfer from iTunes. Apple's default programs, could only be removed since the iOS 10 update. The 3.0 update adds a system-wide search, known as, to the left of the first home screen. Almost all input is given through the touch screen, which understands complex gestures using. The iPhone's enable the user to move the content up or down by a touch-drag motion of the finger. For example, zooming in and out of web pages and photos is done by placing two fingers on the screen and spreading them farther apart or bringing them closer together, a gesture known as '. Scrolling through a long list or menu is achieved by sliding a finger over the display from bottom to top, or vice versa to go back. In either case, the list moves as if it is pasted on the outer surface of a wheel, slowly decelerating as if affected by friction. In this way, the interface of a real object. Unlike previous scrollable views, in which the user pressed a 'down' control to move the view 'downwards', on iOS the user pushes upwards, as if moving a 'plank of wood floating on the water', creating the impression that the user is directly manipulating the content displayed on the screen. Other effects include horizontally sliding sub-selection, the vertically sliding keyboard and bookmarks menu, and widgets that turn around to allow settings to be configured on the other side. Menu bars are found at the top and bottom of the screen when necessary. Their options vary by program, but always follow a consistent style motif. In menu hierarchies, a 'back' button in the top-left corner of the screen displays the name of the parent folder. When making a call, the iPhone presents a number of options, including on supported models. The screen is when held close to the face. The iPhone allows audio, call holding, call merging,, and integration with other cellular network features and iPhone functions. For example, if music is playing when a call is received, the music fades out, and fades back in when the call has ended. The shuts off the screen and touch-sensitive circuitry when the iPhone is brought close to the face, both to save battery and prevent unintentional touches. The iPhone does not support or on versions prior to the fourth generation, as there is only one camera on the opposite side of the screen. The iPhone 4 supports video calling using either the front or back camera over Wi-Fi, a feature Apple calls. Voice control, introduced in the iPhone 3GS, allows users to say a contact's name or number and the iPhone will dial it. The first two models only support through third-party applications. The iPhone includes a (in some countries) feature allowing users to view a list of current voicemail messages on-screen without having to call into their voicemail. Unlike most other systems, messages can be listened to and deleted in a non-chronological order by choosing any message from an on-screen list. A music feature was introduced in the United States on September 5, 2007. Users can create custom ringtones from songs purchased from the iTunes Store for a small additional fee. The ringtones can be 3 to 30 seconds long from any part of a song, can fade in and out, pause from half a second to five seconds when looped,. All customizing can be done in iTunes, or with Apple's software 4.1.1 or later (available only on ) or third-party tools. With the release of, which was released on September 19, 2012, Apple added features that enable the user to have options to decline a phone call when a person is calling them. The user can reply with a message, or to set a reminder to call them back at a later time. Multimedia The layout of the music library is similar to that of an or current phones. The iPhone can sort its media library by songs, artists, albums, videos,,, composers,,, and. Options are always presented alphabetically, except in playlists, which retain their order from. The iPhone uses a large font that allows users plenty of room to touch their selection. Users can rotate their device horizontally to to access. Like on iTunes, this feature shows the different album covers in a scroll-through photo library. Scrolling is achieved by swiping a finger across the screen. Alternatively, headset controls can be used to pause, play, skip, and repeat tracks. On the iPhone 3GS, the volume can be changed with the included Apple Earphones, and the Voice Control feature can be used to identify a track, play songs in a playlist or by a specific artist, or create a. The iPhone supports. Like the introduced in 2005, the iPhone can play, allowing users to watch TV shows and movies in. Double-tapping switches between widescreen and video playback. The iPhone allows users to purchase and download songs from the iTunes Store directly to their iPhone. The feature originally required a Wi-Fi network, but now since 2012, can use the cellular data network if one is not available. The iPhone includes software that allows the user to upload, view, and email photos taken with the. The user zooms in and out of photos by sliding two fingers further apart or closer together, much like Safari. The camera application also lets users view the camera roll, the pictures that have been taken with the iPhone's camera. Those pictures are also available in the Photos application, along with any transferred from or on a Mac, or on a Windows PC. Internet connectivity. The on the first generation iPhone For text input, the iPhone implements a on the touchscreen. It has automatic and correction, capabilities, and a dynamic dictionary that learns new words. The keyboard can predict what word the user is typing and complete it, and correct for the accidental pressing of keys near the presumed desired key. The keys are somewhat larger and spaced farther apart when in, which is supported by only a limited number of applications. Touching a section of text for a brief time brings up a, allowing users to place the in the middle of existing text. The virtual keyboard can accommodate 21 languages, including character recognition for Chinese. Alternative characters with accents (for example, letters from the alphabets of other languages) and can be typed from the keyboard by pressing the letter for 2 seconds and selecting the alternative character from the popup. The 3.0 update brought support for text, as well as landscape keyboards in more applications. On iPhone 4S and above, Siri allows dictation. Email and text messages The iPhone also features an email program that supports, which enables the user to embed photos in an email message.,,, and attachments to mail messages can be viewed on the phone. Offers a free push-email service for the iPhone. (although not ) and mail standards are also supported, including and. In the first versions of the iPhone firmware, this was accomplished by opening up IMAP on the Exchange server. Apple has also licensed and supports the platform (including push email) with the release of iPhone 2.0 firmware. The iPhone will sync email account settings over from Apple's own application,, and, or it can be manually configured on the device itself. The email program can access almost any IMAP or POP3 account. Text messages are presented chronologically in a mailbox format similar to Mail, which places all text from recipients together with replies. Text messages are displayed in speech bubbles (similar to ) under each recipient's name. The iPhone has built-in support for email message forwarding, drafts, and direct internal camera-to-email picture sending. Support for multi-recipient SMS was added in the 1.1.3 software update. Support for was added in the 3.0 update, but not for the original first generation iPhone and not in the US until September 25, 2009. Third-party applications. See also: and At on June 11, 2007, Apple announced that the iPhone would support web applications using that share the look and feel of the iPhone interface. On October 17, 2007, Steve Jobs, in an open letter posted to Apple's 'Hot News', announced that a (SDK) would be made available to third-party developers in February 2008. The iPhone SDK was officially announced and released on March 6, 2008, at the Apple Town Hall facility. It is a free download, with an Apple registration, that allows developers to develop native applications for the iPhone and iPod Touch, then test them in an 'iPhone simulator'. However, loading an application onto a real device is only possible after paying an membership fee. Developers are free to set any price for their applications to be distributed through the, of which they will receive a 70% share. Developers can also opt to release the application for free and will not pay any costs to release or distribute the application beyond the membership fee. The App Store was launched with the release of iOS 2.0, on July 11, 2008. The update was free for iPhone users; owners of older iPod Touches were required to pay US$10 for it. Once a developer has submitted an application to the App Store, Apple holds firm control over its distribution. Apple can halt the distribution of applications it deems inappropriate, for example,, a US$1000 program that simply demonstrated the wealth of its user. Apple has been criticized for banning third-party applications that enable a functionality that Apple does not want the iPhone to have: In 2008, Apple rejected, which allowed iPhone users to download podcasts directly to the iPhone claiming it duplicated the functionality of iTunes. Apple has since released a software update that grants this capability. NetShare, another rejected app, would have enabled users to their iPhone to a laptop or desktop, using its cellular network to load data for the computer. Many carriers of the iPhone later globally allowed tethering before Apple officially supported it with the upgrade to the iOS 3.0, with being a relative latecomer in the United States. In most cases, the carrier charges extra for tethering an iPhone. Before the SDK was released, third parties were permitted to design 'Web Apps' that would run through Safari. Unsigned native applications are also available for 'jailbroken' phones. The ability to install native applications onto the iPhone outside of the App Store is not supported by Apple, the stated reason being that such native applications could be broken by any software update, but Apple has stated it will not design software updates specifically to break native applications other than those that perform SIM unlocking. As of October 2013, Apple has passed 60 billion app downloads. As of September 2016, there have been over 140 billion app downloads from the App Store. As of January 2017, the App Store has over 2.2 million apps for the iPhone. Reception The original iPhone has been described as 'revolutionary', a 'game-changer' for the mobile phone industry, and has been credited with helping to make Apple one of the world's most valuable publicly traded companies by 2011. Newer iterations have also received praise, such as being called 'the best phone'. The iPhone attracts users of all ages, and besides consumer use, the iPhone has also been adopted for. Accessibility features Starting with the iPhone 4S, Apple added an feature to optimize the function of the iPhone with. Apple released a program of Made for iPhone Hearing Aids. These hearing aids deliver a power-efficient, high-quality digital audio experience and allow the user to manage the hearing aid right from your iPhone. Made for iPhone hearing aids also feature. With Live Listen the iPhone acts as a remote that sends sound to a Made for iPhone hearing aid. Live Listen can help the user hear a conversation in a noisy room or hear someone speaking across the room. The for iOS program was announced by Apple coinciding with the release of the iPhone 3GS, and. This program added support for more than 50 Bluetooth wireless braille displays that work with iOS out of the box. The user only needs to pair the keyboard to the device to start using it to navigate the iOS device with without any additional software. IOS supports for more than 25 languages. IPhone lets the user know when an alert is sent to the it, in a variety of notice methods. It delivers both and for incoming phone and calls, new text messages, new and sent mail, and calendar events. You can set an for incoming calls and alerts. Or have incoming calls display a photo of the caller. Users can choose from different vibration patterns or even create their own. The iPhone can enlarge text to make it more for vision-impaired users, and can accommodate hearing-impaired users with and external devices. The iPhone 3GS also features white on black mode, (a ), and zooming for impaired vision, and mono audio for in one ear. Apple regularly publishes Voluntary Product Accessibility Templates which explicitly state compliance with the US regulation '. With the release of the newer iOS 9 for all iPhones, users now have the ability to choose between 2 different screen view options. The user can choose to have a standard view or zoomed view. When the iPhone is placed in a standard view setting, the icons are normal size and the text remains the same. With a zoomed view option, the icons on the screen and the text become slightly larger. This enables the user to have a more customized appearance and it can potentially help some users read the screen easier. AssistiveTouch helps to adapt the screen of an iOS device to your unique physical needs. This can be of great assistance to those who have difficulty with some gestures, like pinch, one can make them accessible with just a tap of a finger. The user can create their own gestures and customize the layout of the AssistiveTouch menu. If the user has trouble pressing the Home button, it can be set so that it can be activated with an onscreen tap. Gestures like rotate and shake are available even when if the iOS device is mounted on a. Guided Access helps people with or other and stay focused on the task (or app) at hand. With Guided Access, a parent, teacher, or therapist can limit an iOS device to stay on one app by disabling the Home button, and limit the amount of time spent in an app. The user can even restrict access to the keyboard or touch input on certain areas of the screen. So wandering taps and gestures won’t distract from learning. Sources: press release library Intellectual property Apple has filed more than 200 related to the technology behind the iPhone. LG Electronics claimed the design of the iPhone was copied from the. Woo-Young Kwak, head of LG Mobile Handset R&D Center, said at a press conference: 'we consider that Apple copied Prada phone after the design was unveiled when it was presented in the iF Design Award and won the prize in September 2006.' On September 3, 1993, filed for the US trademark 'I PHONE' and on March 20, 1996, applied for the trademark 'IPhone'. 'I Phone' was registered in March 1998, and 'IPhone' was registered in 1999. Since then, the I PHONE mark had been abandoned. Infogear trademarks cover 'communications terminals comprising computer hardware and software providing integrated telephone, data communications and personal computer functions' (1993 filing), and 'computer hardware and software for providing integrated telephone communication with computerized global information networks' (1996 filing). Infogear released a telephone with an integrated web browser under the name in 1998. In 2000, Infogear won an infringement claim against the owners of the iphones.com domain name. In June 2000, acquired Infogear, including the iPhone trademark. On December 18, 2006, they released a range of re-branded (VoIP) sets under the name iPhone. In October 2002, Apple applied for the 'iPhone' trademark in the United Kingdom, Australia, Singapore, and the European Union. A Canadian application followed in October 2004, and a New Zealand application in September 2006. As of October 2006, only the Singapore and Australian applications had been granted. In September 2006, a company called Ocean Telecom Services applied for an 'iPhone' trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and Hong Kong, following a filing in Trinidad and Tobago. As the Ocean Telecom trademark applications use exactly the same wording as the New Zealand application of Apple, it is assumed that Ocean Telecom is applying on behalf of Apple. The Canadian application was opposed in August 2005, by a Canadian company called who themselves applied for the trademark three months later. Comwave has been selling VoIP devices called iPhone since 2004. Shortly after Steve Jobs' January 9, 2007 announcement that Apple would be selling a product called iPhone in June 2007, Cisco issued a statement that it had been negotiating trademark licensing with Apple and expected Apple to agree to the final documents that had been submitted the night before. On January 10, 2007, Cisco announced it had filed a lawsuit against Apple over the infringement of the trademark iPhone, seeking an injunction in federal court to prohibit Apple from using the name. In February 2007, Cisco claimed that the trademark lawsuit was a 'minor skirmish' that was not about money, but about interoperability. On February 2, 2007, Apple and Cisco announced that they had agreed to temporarily suspend litigation while they held settlement talks, and subsequently announced on February 20, 2007, that they had reached an agreement. Both companies will be allowed to use the 'iPhone' name in exchange for 'exploring interoperability' between their security, consumer, and business communications products. The iPhone has also inspired several leading high-tech clones, driving both the popularity of Apple and consumer willingness to upgrade iPhones quickly. On October 22, 2009, filed a lawsuit against Apple for infringement of its GSM, UMTS and WLAN patents. Nokia alleges that Apple has been violating ten Nokia patents since the iPhone initial release. In December 2010, reported that some iPhone and users were suing because some applications were passing user information to third-party advertisers without permission. Some makers of the applications such as Textplus4,,,, Talking Tom Cat and Pumpkin Maker have also been named as co-defendants in the lawsuit. In August 2012, Apple won a in the U.S. Against, the world's largest maker of smartphones; however, on December 6, 2016, reversed the decision that awarded nearly $400 million to Apple and returned the case to Federal Circuit court to define the appropriate legal standard to define 'article of manufacture' because it is not the smartphone itself but could be just the case and screen to which the design patents relate. In March 2013, an Apple patent for a wraparound display was revealed. Secret tracking Since April 20, 2011, a file on the iPhone and other iOS devices has been widely discussed in the media. It was alleged that the file, labeled 'consolidated.db', constantly stores the iPhone user's movement by approximating geographic locations calculated by, a technology proven to be inaccurate at times. The file was released with the June 2010 update of Apple and may contain almost a year's worth of data. Previous versions of iOS stored similar information in a file called 'h-cells.plist'. Discovered that the data is transmitted to Apple twice a day and postulate that Apple is using the information to construct their global location database similar to the ones constructed by Google and through. Nevertheless, unlike the 'Latitude' application, which performs a similar task on phones, the file is not dependent upon signing a specific or even the user's knowledge, but it is stated in the 15,200 word-long of the iPhone that 'Apple and [their] partners and licensees may collect, use, and share precise location data, including the real-time geographic location of [the user's] Apple computer or device'. The file is also automatically copied onto the user's computer once synchronized with the iPhone. An application named 'iPhoneTracker', which turns the data stored in the file into a visual map, was made available to the public in April 2011. While the file cannot be erased without the phone, it can be encrypted. Apple gave an official response on their web site on April 27, 2011, after questions were submitted by users, the and others. Apple clarified that the data is a small portion of their crowd-sourced location database cache of Wi-Fi hotspots and cell towers which is downloaded from Apple into the iPhone for making location services faster than with only GPS, therefore the data does not represent the locations of the iPhone. The volume of data retained was an error. Apple issued an update for iOS (version, or for the CDMA iPhone 4) which reduced the size of the cache, stopped it being backed up to iTunes, and erased it entirely whenever location services were turned off. The upload to Apple can also be selectively disabled from 'System services', 'Cell Network Search.' Regardless, in July 2014, a report on state-owned China Central Television labeled the iPhone a 'national security concern.' A feature that can be found under 'location services' in the settings of the iPhone has also been found to be secretly tracking the user's information. This feature is called 'frequent locations' and it can either be kept on or turned off. This feature is said to help the accuracy of the GPS and Apple Maps since it can log information about the locations the user has frequently visited. However, this feature also keeps track of the number of times that the user has been to that location, the dates, and the exact times. A lot of people have found this feature to be intrusive of their personal lives and have since then had an option to keep it on or shut it off. Encryption and intelligence agency access It was revealed as a part of the that the American and British intelligence agencies, the (NSA) and the (GCHQ) have access to the user data in iPhones, BlackBerrys, and Android phones, respectively. They can read almost all smartphone information, including SMS, location, emails, and notes. According to an article in titled 'Signaling Post-Snowden Era, New iPhone Locks Out N.S.A.' , Apple has developed a new encryption method for iOS 8, described as 'so deep that Apple could no longer comply with government warrants asking for customer information to be extracted from devices.' Throughout 2015, prosecutors in the United States argued for the U.S. Government to be able to compel decryption of iPhone contents. After the, the recovered an that was issued to one of the shooters by his employer, and backups of that phone from a month and a half before the shooting. (The shooters had destroyed their personal phones.) The U.S. Government attempted to use the arcane and outdated to obtain a court order ordering Apple to produce an file that would allow investigators to brute force the passcode of the iPhone, which would equate to modernized slavery. Responded on the company's website, outlining a need for encryption, arguing that if they produce a for one device, it would inevitably be used to compromise the privacy of other iPhone users. On February 19, Apple communicated to journalists that the password for the Apple ID for the iPhone had been changed within a day of the government obtaining it, preventing Apple from producing a workaround that would only target older devices. As of April 2016, Apple's Privacy Policy addresses requests from government agencies for access to customers' data: 'Apple has never worked with any government agency from any country to create a “backdoor” in any of our products or services. We have also never allowed any government access to our servers. And we never will.' In 2015 the awarded Apple 5 out of 5 stars “commend[ing] Apple for its strong stance regarding user rights, transparency, and privacy.” Restrictions. See also: Apple tightly controls certain aspects of the iPhone. According to, the emergence of like the iPhone have made computing more than early versions of. The community has found many workarounds, most of which are disallowed by Apple and make it difficult or impossible to obtain warranty service. ' allows users to install apps not available on the App Store or modify basic functionality. SIM unlocking allows the iPhone to be used on a different carrier's network. However, in the United States, Apple cannot void an iPhone's warranty unless it can show that a problem or component failure is linked to the installation or placement of an after-market item such as unauthorized applications, because of the 's. The iPhone also has an area and settings where users can set restrictions or parental controls on apps that can be downloaded or used within the iPhone. The restrictions area requires a password. Activation The iPhone normally prevents access to its media player and web features unless it has also been activated as a phone with an authorized carrier. On July 3, 2007, reported on his blog that he had successfully bypassed this requirement and unlocked the iPhone's other features with a combination of custom software and modification of the iTunes binary. He published the software and offsets for others to use. Unlike the first generation iPhone, the iPhone 3G must be activated in the store in most countries. This makes the iPhone 3G more difficult, but not impossible, to hack. The need for in-store activation, as well as the huge number of first-generation iPhone and users upgrading to iPhone OS 2.0, caused a worldwide of Apple's on July 11, 2008, the day on which both the iPhone 3G and iPhone OS 2.0 updates as well as were released. After the update, devices were required to connect to Apple's servers to authenticate it, causing many devices to be temporarily unusable. Users on the network in the United Kingdom, however, can buy the phone online and activate it via iTunes as with the previous model. Even where not required, vendors usually offer activation for the buyer's convenience. In the US, Apple has begun to offer free shipping on both the iPhone 3G and the iPhone 3GS (when available), reversing the in-store activation requirement. And will also sell the iPhone. Unapproved third-party software and jailbreaking. See also: and The iPhone's operating system is designed to only run software that has an Apple-approved. This restriction can be overcome by 'jailbreaking' the phone, which involves replacing the iPhone's with a slightly modified version that does not enforce the signature check. Doing so may be a circumvention of Apple's. Apple, in a statement to the in response to (EFF) lobbying for a DMCA exception for this kind of hacking, claimed that jailbreaking the iPhone would be due to the necessary modification of system software. However, in 2010, Jailbreaking was declared officially legal in the United States by the. Jailbroken iPhones may be susceptible to computer viruses, but few such incidents have been reported. IOS and 2.3.3 'Gingerbread' may be set up to dual boot on a jailbroken iPhone with the help of or iDroid. In 2007, 2010, and 2011, developers released a series of tools called that used security vulnerabilities in Mobile Safari rendering to the device (which allows users to install any compatible software on the device instead of only App Store apps). Each of these exploits were quickly fixed by iOS updates from Apple. Theoretically these flaws could have also been used for malicious purposes. In July 2011, Apple released iOS 4.3.5 (4.2.10 for CDMA iPhone) to fix a security vulnerability with certificate validation. Following the release of the iPhone 5S model, a group of German hackers called the announced on September 21, 2013, that they had bypassed Apple's new Touch ID fingerprint sensor by using 'easy everyday means.' The group explained that the security system had been defeated by photographing a fingerprint from a glass surface and using that captured image as verification. The spokesman for the group stated: 'We hope that this finally puts to rest the illusions people have about fingerprint biometrics. It is plain stupid to use something that you can't change and that you leave everywhere every day as a security token.' SIM unlocking United States. A biosensor is an analytical device, used for the detection of an, that combines a biological component with a physicochemical detector. The sensitive biological element (e.g. Tissue, microorganisms,,,,,, etc.) is a biologically derived material or biomimetic component that interacts (binds or recognizes) with the analyte under study. The biologically sensitive elements can also be created. The or the detector element (works in a physicochemical way; optical,, electrochemical, etc.) transforms the signal resulting from the interaction of the analyte with the biological element into another signal (i.e., transduces) that can be more easily measured and quantified. The biosensor reader device with the associated electronics or signal processors that are primarily responsible for the display of the results in a user-friendly way. This sometimes accounts for the most expensive part of the sensor device, however it is possible to generate a user friendly display that includes transducer and sensitive element (). The readers are usually custom-designed and manufactured to suit the different working principles of biosensors. Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Biosensor system [ ] A biosensor typically consists of a bio-recognition site, biotransducer component, and which includes a, processor, and display. Transducers and electronics can be combined, e.g., in -based microsensor systems. The recognition component, often called a bioreceptor, uses biomolecules from organisms or receptors modeled after biological systems to interact with the analyte of interest. This interaction is measured by the biotransducer which outputs a measurable signal proportional to the presence of the target analyte in the sample. The general aim of the design of a biosensor is to enable quick, convenient testing at the point of concern or care where the sample was procured. Bioreceptors [ ] In a biosensor, the bioreceptor is designed to interact with the specific analyte of interest to produce an effect measurable by the transducer. High for the analyte among a matrix of other chemical or biological components is a key requirement of the bioreceptor. While the type of biomolecule used can vary widely, biosensors can be classified according to common types bioreceptor interactions involving: anitbody/antigen, enzymes/ligands, nucleic acids/DNA, cellular structures/cells, or biomimetic materials. Antibody/antigen interactions [ ] An utilizes the very specific binding affinity of for a specific compound. The specific nature of the is analogous to a lock and key fit in that the antigen will only bind to the antibody if it has the correct conformation. Binding events result in a physicochemical change that in combination with a tracer, such as a fluorescent molecules, enzymes, or radioisotopes, can generate a signal. There are limitations with using antibodies in sensors: 1.The antibody binding capacity is strongly dependent on assay conditions (e.g. PH and temperature) and 2. The antibody-antigen interaction is generally irreversible. However, it has been shown that binding can be disrupted by reagents, organic solvents, or even ultrasonic radiation. Artificial binding proteins [ ] The use of antibodies as the bio-recognition component of biosensors has several drawbacks. They have high molecular weights and limited stability, contain essential disulfide bonds and are expensive to produce. In one approach to overcome these limitations, recombinant binding fragments (, or ) or domains (VH, ) of antibodies have been engineered. In another approach, small protein scaffolds with favorable biophysical properties have been engineered to generate artificial families of Antigen Binding Proteins (AgBP), capable of specific binding to different target proteins while retaining the favorable properties of the parent molecule. The elements of the family that specifically bind to a given target antigen, are often selected in vitro by display techniques:,,. The artificial binding proteins are much smaller than antibodies (usually less than 100 amino-acid residues), have a strong stability, lack disulfide bonds and can be expressed in high yield in reducing cellular environments like the bacterial cytoplasm, contrary to antibodies and their derivatives. They are thus especially suitable to create biosensors. Enzymatic interactions [ ] The specific binding capabilities and catalytic activity of make them popular bioreceptors. Analyte recognition is enabled through several possible mechanisms: 1) the enzyme converting the analyte into a product that is sensor-detectable, 2) detecting enzyme inhibition or activation by the analyte, or 3) monitoring modification of enzyme properties resulting from interaction with the analyte. The main reasons for the common use of enzymes in biosensors are: 1) ability to catalyze a large number of reactions; 2) potential to detect a group of analytes (substrates, products, inhibitors, and modulators of the catalytic activity); and 3) suitability with several different transduction methods for detecting the analyte. Notably, since enzymes are not consumed in reactions, the biosensor can easily be used continuously. The catalytic activity of enzymes also allows lower limits of detection compared to common binding techniques. However, the sensor's lifetime is limited by the stability of the enzyme. Affinity binding receptors [ ] Antibodies have a high in excess of 10^8 L/mol, which stands for a nearly irreversible association once the antigen-antibody couple has formed. For certain analyte molecules like affinity binding proteins exist that bind their ligand with a high like an antibody, but with a much smaller binding constant on the order of 10^2 to 10^4 L/mol. The association between analyte and receptor then is of nature and next to the couple between both also their free molecules occur in a measurable concentration. In case of glucose, for instance, may function as affinity receptor exhibiting a binding constant of 4x10^2 L/mol. The use of affinity binding receptors for purposes of biosensing has been proposed by Schultz and Sims in 1979 and was subsequently configured into a fluorescent assay for measuring glucose in the relevant between 4.4 and 6.1 mmol/L. The sensor principle has the advantage that it does not consume the analyte in a chemical reaction as occurs in enzymatic assays. Nucleic acid interactions [ ] Biosensors that employ nucleic acid interactions can be referred to as genosensors. The recognition process is based on the principle of complementary, adenine:thymine and cytosine:guanine in. If the target nucleic acid sequence is known, complementary sequences can be synthesized, labeled, and then immobilized on the sensor. The can then base pair with the target sequences, generating an optical signal. The favored transduction principle employed in this type of sensor has been optical detection. Epigenetics [ ] It has been proposed that properly optimized integrated optical resonators can be exploited for detecting epigenetic modifications (e.g. DNA methylation, histone post-translational modifications) in body fluids from patients affected by cancer or other diseases. Photonic biosensors with ultra-sensitivity are nowadays being developed at a research level to easily detect cancerous cells within the patient's urine. Different research projects aim to develop new portable devices that uses cheap, environmentally friendly, disposable cartridges that require only simple handling with no need of further processing, washing, or manipulation by expert technicians. Organelles [ ] Organelles form separate compartments inside cells and usually perform function independently. Different kinds of organelles have various metabolic pathways and contain enzymes to fulfill its function. Commonly used organelles include lysosome, chloroplast and mitochondria. The spatial-temporal distribution pattern of calcium is closed related to ubiquitous signaling pathway. Mitochondria actively participate in the metabolism of calcium ions to control the function and also modulate the calcium related signaling pathways. Experiments have proved that mitochondria have the ability to respond to high calcium concentration generated in the proximity by opening the calcium channel. In this way, mitochondria can be used to detect the calcium concentration in medium and the detection is very sensitive due to high spatial resolution. Another application of mitochondria is used for detection of water pollution. Detergent compounds' toxicity will damage the cell and subcellular structure including mitochondria. The detergents will cause a swelling effect which could be measured by an absorbance change. Experiment data shows the change rate is proportional to the detergent concentration, providing a high standard for detection accuracy. Cells [ ] Cells are often used in bioreceptors because they are sensitive to surrounding environment and they can respond to all kinds of stimulants. Cells tend to attach to the surface so they can be easily immobilized. Compared to organelles they remain active for longer period and the reproducibility makes them reusable. They are commonly used to detect global parameter like stress condition, toxicity and organic derivatives. They can also be used to monitor the treatment effect of drugs. One application is to use cells to determine herbicides which are main aquatic contaminant. Microalgae are entrapped on a quartz and the chlorophyll fluorescence modified by herbicides is collected at the tip of an optical fiber bundle and transmitted to a fluorimeter. The algae are continuously cultured to get optimized measurement. Results show that detection limit of certain herbicide can reach sub-ppb concentration level. Some cells can also be used to monitor the microbial corrosion. Pseudomonas sp. Is isolated form corroded material surface and immobilized on acetylcellulose membrane. The respiration activity is determined by measuring oxygen consumption. There is linear relationship between the current generated and the concentration of sulfuric acid. The response time is related to the loading of cells and surrounding environments and can be controlled to no more than 5min. Tissue [ ] Tissues are used for biosensor for the abundance of enzymes existed. Advantages of tissues as biosensors include the following: • easier to immobilize compared to cells and organelles • the higher activity and stability from maintain enzymes in natural environment • the availability and low price • the avoidance of tedious work of extraction, centrifuge and purification of enzymes • necessary cofactors for enzyme to function exists • the diversity providing a wide range of choice concerning different objectives. There also exist some disadvantages of tissues, like the lack of specificity due to the interference of other enzymes and longer response time due to transport barrier. Surface attachment of the biological elements [ ] An important part in a biosensor is to attach the biological elements (small molecules/protein/cells) to the surface of the sensor (be it metal, polymer or glass). The simplest way is to the surface in order to coat it with the biological elements. This can be done by polylysine, aminosilane, epoxysilane or nitrocellulose in the case of silicon chips/silica glass. Subsequently, the bound biological agent may be for example fixed by depositation of alternatively charged polymer coatings. Alternatively three-dimensional lattices (/) can be used to chemically or physically entrap these (where by chemically entraped it is meant that the biological element is kept in place by a strong bond, while physically they are kept in place being unable to pass through the pores of the gel matrix). The most commonly used hydrogel is, a glassy silica generated by polymerization of silicate monomers (added as tetra alkyl orthosilicates, such as or ) in the presence of the biological elements (along with other stabilizing polymers, such as ) in the case of physical entrapment. Another group of hydrogels, which set under conditions suitable for cells or protein, are hydrogel, which polymerize upon. One type of radical initiator is a radical, typically generated by combining a with ( are also commonly used for ), alternatively light can be used in combination with a photoinitiator, such as DMPA (). Smart materials that mimic the biological components of a sensor can also be classified as biosensors using only the active or catalytic site or analogous configurations of a biomolecule. Biotransducer [ ]. Classification of biosensors based on type of biotransducer Biosensors can be classified by their type. The most common types of biotransducers used in biosensors are: • electrochemical biosensors • optical biosensors • electronic biosensors • piezoelectric biosensors • gravimetric biosensors • pyroelectric biosensors Electrochemical [ ] Electrochemical biosensors are normally based on enzymatic catalysis of a reaction that produces or consumes electrons (such enzymes are rightly called redox enzymes). The sensor substrate usually contains three; a, a working electrode and a counter electrode. The target analyte is involved in the reaction that takes place on the active electrode surface, and the reaction may cause either electron transfer across the double layer (producing a current) or can contribute to the double layer potential (producing a voltage). We can either measure the current (rate of flow of electrons is now proportional to the analyte concentration) at a fixed potential or the potential can be measured at zero current (this gives a logarithmic response). Note that potential of the working or active electrode is space charge sensitive and this is often used. Further, the label-free and direct electrical detection of small peptides and proteins is possible by their intrinsic charges using biofunctionalized ion-sensitive field-effect transistors. Another example, the potentiometric biosensor, (potential produced at zero current) gives a logarithmic response with a high dynamic range. Such biosensors are often made by screen printing the electrode patterns on a plastic substrate, coated with a conducting polymer and then some protein (enzyme or antibody) is attached. They have only two electrodes and are extremely sensitive and robust. They enable the detection of analytes at levels previously only achievable by HPLC and LC/MS and without rigorous sample preparation. All biosensors usually involve minimal sample preparation as the biological sensing component is highly selective for the analyte concerned. The signal is produced by electrochemical and physical changes in the conducting polymer layer due to changes occurring at the surface of the sensor. Such changes can be attributed to ionic strength, pH, hydration and redox reactions, the latter due to the enzyme label turning over a substrate. Field effect transistors, in which the gate region has been modified with an enzyme or antibody, can also detect very low concentrations of various analytes as the binding of the analyte to the gate region of the FET cause a change in the drain-source current. Ion channel switch [ ]. ICS – channel closed The use of ion channels has been shown to offer highly sensitive detection of target biological molecules. By embedding the ion channels in supported or (t-BLM) attached to a gold electrode, an electrical circuit is created. Capture molecules such as antibodies can be bound to the ion channel so that the binding of the target molecule controls the ion flow through the channel. This results in a measurable change in the electrical conduction which is proportional to the concentration of the target. An ion channel switch (ICS) biosensor can be created using gramicidin, a dimeric peptide channel, in a tethered bilayer membrane. One peptide of gramicidin, with attached antibody, is mobile and one is fixed. Breaking the dimer stops the ionic current through the membrane. The magnitude of the change in electrical signal is greatly increased by separating the membrane from the metal surface using a hydrophilic spacer. Quantitative detection of an extensive class of target species, including proteins, bacteria, drug and toxins has been demonstrated using different membrane and capture configurations. Reagentless fluorescent biosensor [ ] A reagentless biosensor can monitor a target analyte in a complex biological mixture without additional reagent. Therefore, it can function continuously if immobilized on a solid support. A fluorescent biosensor reacts to the interaction with its target analyte by a change of its fluorescence properties. A Reagentless Fluorescent biosensor (RF biosensor) can be obtained by integrating a biological receptor, which is directed against the target analyte, and a solvatochromic fluorophore, whose emission properties are sensitive to the nature of its local environment, in a single macromolecule. The fluorophore transduces the recognition event into a measurable optical signal. The use of extrinsic fluorophores, whose emission properties differ widely from those of the intrinsic fluorophores of proteins, tryptophan and tyrosine, enables one to immediately detect and quantify the analyte in complex biological mixtures. The integration of the fluorophore must be done in a site where it is sensitive to the binding of the analyte without perturbing the affinity of the receptor. Antibodies and artificial families of Antigen Binding Proteins (AgBP) are well suited to provide the recognition module of RF biosensors since they can be directed against any antigen (see the paragraph on bioreceptors). A general approach to integrate a solvatochromic fluorophore in an AgBP when the atomic structure of the complex with its antigen is known, and thus transform it into a RF biosensor, has been described. A residue of the AgBP is identified in the neighborhood of the antigen in their complex. This residue is changed into a cysteine by site-directed mutagenesis. The fluorophore is chemically coupled to the mutant cysteine. When the design is successful, the coupled fluorophore does not prevent the binding of the antigen, this binding shields the fluorophore from the solvent, and it can be detected by a change of fluorescence. This strategy is also valid for antibody fragments. However, in the absence of specific structural data, other strategies must be applied. Antibodies and artificial families of AgBPs are constituted by a set of hypervariable (or randomized) residue positions, located in a unique sub-region of the protein, and supported by a constant polypeptide scaffold. The residues that form the binding site for a given antigen, are selected among the hypervariable residues. It is possible to transform any AgBP of these families into a RF biosensor, specific of the target antigen, simply by coupling a solvatochromic fluorophore to one of the hypervariable residues that have little or no importance for the interaction with the antigen, after changing this residue into cysteine by mutagenesis. More specifically, the strategy consists in individually changing the residues of the hypervariable positions into cysteine at the genetic level, in chemically coupling a solvatochromic fluorophore with the mutant cysteine, and then in keeping the resulting conjugates that have the highest sensitivity (a parameter that involves both affinity and variation of fluorescence signal). This approach is also valid for families of antibody fragments. A posteriori studies have shown that the best reagentless fluorescent biosensors are obtained when the fluorophore does not make non-covalent interactions with the surface of the bioreceptor, which would increase the background signal, and when it interacts with a binding pocket at the surface of the target antigen. The RF biosensors that are obtained by the above methods, can function and detect target analytes inside living cells. Others [ ] sensors utilise crystals which undergo an elastic deformation when an electrical potential is applied to them. An alternating potential (A.C.) produces a standing wave in the crystal at a characteristic frequency. This frequency is highly dependent on the elastic properties of the crystal, such that if a crystal is coated with a biological recognition element the binding of a (large) target analyte to a receptor will produce a change in the resonance frequency, which gives a binding signal. In a mode that uses surface acoustic waves (SAW), the sensitivity is greatly increased. This is a specialised application of the as a biosensor (ECL) is nowadays a leading technique in biosensors. Since the excited species are produced with an electrochemical stimulus rather than with a light excitation source, ECL displays improved signal-to-noise ratio compared to photoluminescence, with minimized effects due to light scattering and luminescence background. In particular, coreactant ECL operating in buffered aqueous solution in the region of positive potentials (oxidative-reduction mechanism) definitively boosted ECL for immunoassay, as confirmed by many research applications and, even more, by the presence of important companies which developed commercial hardware for high throughput immunoassays analysis in a market worth billions of dollars each year. Thermometric and magnetic based biosensors are rare. Placement of biosensors [ ] The appropriate placement of biosensors depends on their field of application, which may roughly be divided into,, and. In biotechnology, analysis of the chemical composition of broth can be conducted in-line, on-line, at-line and off-line. As outlined by the US Food and Drug Administration () the sample is not removed from the process stream for in-line sensors, while it is diverted from the manufacturing process for on-line measurements. For at-line sensors the sample may be removed and analyzed in close proximity to the process stream. An example of the latter is the monitoring of lactose in a dairy processing plant. Off-line biosensors compare to that are not operating in the field, but in the laboratory. These techniques are mainly used in agriculture, food technology and biomedicine. In medical applications biosensors are generally categorized as and systems. An in vitro, biosensor measurement takes place in a test tube, a culture dish, a microtiter plate or elsewhere outside a living organism. The sensor uses a bioreceptor and transducer as outlined above. An example of an in vitro biosensor is an enzyme-conductimetric biosensor for. There is a challenge to create a biosensor that operates by the principle of, i.e. At the location where the test is needed. Development of wearable biosensors is among such studies. The elimination of lab testing can save time and money. An application of a POCT biosensor can be for the testing of in areas where it is difficult for patients to be tested. A biosensor can be sent directly to the location and a quick and easy test can be used. Medical biosensor implant for glucose monitoring in subcutaneous tissue (59x45x8 mm). Electronic components like microcontroller, radio chip etc. Are hermetically enclosed in a Ti casing, while ring-shaped antenna and top-most sensor probe are moulded into the transparent epoxy header. An in vivo biosensor is an that operates inside the body. Of course, biosensor implants have to fulfill the strict regulations on in order to avoid an initial inflammatory response after implantation. The second concern relates to the long-term, i.e. The unharmful interaction with the body environment during the intended period of use. Another issue that arises is failure. If there is failure, the device must be removed and replaced, causing additional surgery. An example for application of an in vivo biosensor would be the insulin monitoring within the body, which is not available yet. Most advanced biosensor implants have been developed for the continuous monitoring of glucose. The figure displays a device, for which a Ti casing and a battery as established for cardiovascular implants like and is used. Its size is determined by the battery as required for a lifetime of one year. Measured glucose data will be transmitted wirelessly out of the body within the 402-405 MHz band as approved for medical implants. Biosensors can also be integrated into mobile phone systems, making them user-friendly and accessible to a large amount of users. Applications [ ] There are many potential applications of biosensors of various types. The main requirements for a biosensor approach to be valuable in terms of research and commercial applications are the identification of a target molecule, availability of a suitable biological recognition element, and the potential for disposable portable detection systems to be preferred to sensitive laboratory-based techniques in some situations. Some examples are glucose monitoring in diabetes patients, other medical health related targets, environmental applications e.g. The detection of and river water contaminants such as heavy metal ions, remote sensing of airborne e.g. Main article: Commercially available gluocose monitors rely on by means of, which oxidises glucose producing hydrogen peroxide which is detected by the electrode. To overcome the limitation of amperometric sensors, a flurry of research is present into novel sensing methods, such as. Interferometric reflectance imaging sensor [ ] The interferometric reflectance imaging sensor (IRIS) is based on the principles of and consists of a silicon-silicon oxide substrate, standard optics, and low-powered coherent LEDs. When light is illuminated through a low magnification objective onto the layered silicon-silicon oxide substrate, an interferometric signature is produced. As biomass, which has a similar as silicon oxide, accumulates on the substrate surface, a change in the interferometric signature occurs and the change can be correlated to a quantifiable mass. Daaboul et al. Used IRIS to yield a label-free sensitivity of approximately 19 ng/mL. Improved the sensitivity of IRIS through a mass tagging technique. Since initial publication, IRIS has been adapted to perform various functions. First, IRIS integrated a fluorescence imaging capability into the interferometric imaging instrument as a potential way to address fluorescence protein microarray variability. Briefly, the variation in fluorescence microarrays mainly derives from inconsistent protein immobilization on surfaces and may cause misdiagnoses in allergy microarrays. To correct from any variation in protein immobilization, data acquired in the fluorescence modality is then normalized by the data acquired in the label-free modality. IRIS has also been adapted to perform single nanoparticle counting by simply switching the low magnification objective used for label-free biomass quantification to a higher objective magnification. This modality enables size discrimination in complex human biological samples. Monroe et al. Used IRIS to quantify protein levels spiked into human whole blood and serum and determined allergen sensitization in characterized human blood samples using zero sample processing. Other practical uses of this device include virus and pathogen detection. Food analysis [ ] There are several applications of biosensors in food analysis. In the food industry, optics coated with antibodies are commonly used to detect pathogens and food toxins. Commonly, the light system in these biosensors is fluorescence, since this type of optical measurement can greatly amplify the signal. A range of immuno- and ligand-binding assays for the detection and measurement of small molecules such as and chemical contaminants () such as and have been developed for use on based sensor systems, often adapted from existing or other immunological assay. These are in widespread use across the food industry. DNA biosensors [ ] In the future, DNA will find use as a versatile material from which scientists can craft biosensors. [ ] DNA biosensors can theoretically be used for medical diagnostics, forensic science, agriculture, or even environmental clean-up efforts. No external monitoring is needed for DNA-based sensing devises. This is a significant advantage. DNA biosensors are complicated mini-machines—consisting of sensing elements, micro lasers, and a signal generator. At the heart of DNA biosensor function is the fact that two strands of DNA stick to each other by virtue of chemical attractive forces. On such a sensor, only an exact fit—that is, two strands that match up at every nucleotide position—gives rise to a fluorescent signal (a glow) that is then transmitted to a signal generator. Microbial biosensors [ ] Using biological engineering researchers have created many microbial biosensors. An example is the arsenic biosensor. To detect arsenic they use the. Using bacteria, researchers can detect pollutants in samples. Ozone biosensors [ ] Because filters out harmful ultraviolet radiation, the discovery of holes in the ozone layer of the earth's atmosphere has raised concern about how much reaches the earth's surface. Of particular concern are the questions of how deeply into sea water ultraviolet radiation penetrates and how it affects, especially (floating microorganisms) and that attack plankton. Plankton form the base of the marine food chains and are believed to affect our planet's temperature and weather by uptake of CO 2 for photosynthesis. Deneb Karentz, a researcher at the Laboratory of Radio-biology and Environmental Health () has devised a simple method for measuring ultraviolet penetration and intensity. Working in the Antarctic Ocean, she submerged to various depths thin plastic bags containing special strains of E. Coli that are almost totally unable to repair ultraviolet radiation damage to their DNA. Bacterial death rates in these bags were compared with rates in unexposed control bags of the same organism. The bacterial 'biosensors' revealed constant significant ultraviolet damage at depths of 10 m and frequently at 20 and 30 m. Karentz plans additional studies of how ultraviolet may affect seasonal plankton (growth spurts) in the oceans. Metastatic cancer cell biosensors [ ] Metastasis is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another via either the circulatory system or lymphatic system. Unlike radiology imaging tests (mammograms), which send forms of energy (x-rays, magnetic fields, etc.) through the body to only take interior pictures, biosensors have the potential to directly test the malignant power of the tumor. The combination of a biological and detector element allows for a small sample requirement, a compact design, rapid signals, rapid detection, high selectivity and high sensitivity for the analyte being studied. Compared to the usual radiology imaging tests biosensors have the advantage of not only finding out how far the cancer has spread and checking if treatment is effective, but also are cheaper, more efficient (in time, cost and productivity) ways to assess metastaticity in early stages of cancer. Biological engineering researchers have created oncological biosensors for breast cancer. Breast cancer is the leading common cancer among women worldwide. An example would be a transferrin- quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). As a biosensor, produce oscillations in the frequency of the crystal’s standing wave from an alternating potential to detect nano-gram mass changes. These biosensors are specifically designed to interact and have high selectivity for receptors on cell (cancerous and normal) surfaces. Ideally this provides a quantitative detection of cells with this receptor per surface area instead of a qualitative picture detection given by mammograms. Seda Atay, a biotechnology researcher at Hacettepe University, experimentally observed this specificity and selectivity between a QCM and MDA-MB 231 breast cells, MCF 7 cells, and starved MDA-MB 231 cells in vitro. With other researchers she devised a method of washing these different metastatic leveled cells over the sensors to measure mass shifts due to different quantities of transferrin receptors. Particularly, the metastatic power of breast cancer cells can be determined by Quartz crystal microbalances with nanoparticles and transferrin that would potentially attach to transferrin receptors on cancer cell surfaces. There is very high selectivity for transferrin receptors because they are over-expressed in cancer cells. If cells have high expression of transferrin receptors, which shows their high metastatic power, they have higher affinity and bind more to the QCM that measures the increase in mass. Depending on the magnitude of the nano-gram mass change, the metastatic power can be determined. Purpose of nanoparticles [ ] When nanoparticles are attached to the QCM surface their simplicity, variability in shape, high surface area, physicochemical malleability, and optional attachment of metals enables for different properties, a change in responses, selectivities and specificities. 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Jun 3, 2012 - 6 min - Uploaded by Fizzy BubbleTVSniper Elite V2 Coop + Multiplayer crack - 720p HD. -Game - Sniper Elite V2 - Genres:Action. ساعت فندکدار Zippo، ساعت فوق العاده شیک و لاکچری. دارای فندک مخفی. دسترسی آسان به فندک در هر زمان. ساعت با بند مشکی و قهوه ای. شارژ فندک توسط کابل USB بدون نیاز به گاز. این ساعت بسیار شکیل بوده و با بدنه ای طلایی و بند چرمی جلوه ای شیک به استایل شما می بخشد. آنچه این ساعت را متمایز می نماید فندک مخفی آن است که با یک فشار نمایان می شود و به سادگی سیگار شما را روشن می نماید. فندک این ساعت نیازی به گاز نداشته و با اتصال این ساعت به کامپیوتر و یا هر منبع دیگری توسط کابل USB که به همراه آن عرضه می شود می توان فندک را شارژ نمود. » روش خرید: برای خرید پس از کلیک روی دکمه زیر و تکمیل فرم سفارش، ابتدا محصول مورد نظر را درب منزل یا محل کار تحویل بگیرید، سپس وجه کالا و هزینه ارسال را به مامور پست بپردازید. جهت مشاهده فرم خرید، روی دکمه زیر کلیک کنید. قیمت: 55000 تومان. آپدیت جدید بازی اسنایپر الیت ۴ با عنوان Sniper Elite 4: Patch v1.5.0 در تاریخ ۱۸جولای ۲۰۱۷ منتشر شد که تغییرات بسیار گسترده ای را در بازی ایجاد کرده و نقشه های جدید را برای بخش مالتی پلیر فراهم کرده است. برای مشاهده لیست کامل تغییرات آپدیت v1.5.0 بازی می توانید به ادامه مطلب مراجعه کنید. How to Host a co-op game 1. Install Sniper Elite V2 2. Download and Install Steam Client and Tunngle 3. Download and Install Update 1.03 (Part 1, Part 2) 4. Download the LAN-Fix and extract it to your Game Installfolder| Alternative LAN-FIX 5. Join the Sniper Elite V2 network 6. Start the Game 7. You have not yet voted on this site! If you have already visited the site, please help us classify the good from the bad by voting on this site. گروه STEAMPUNKS پس از گذشت تنها ۴روز از انتشار این آپدیت، آن را کرک کرده و برای کاربران منتشر کرد. Sniper Elite 4 دنبالهای مستقیم بر سومین قسمت این مجموعه بازی است که دو سال پیش منتشر شد و مانند وارثان خود مورد استقبال منتقدها و مخاطبها قرار گرفت. شخصیت اصلی بازی Karl Fairburne است که اینبار دیگر گذاشته موهایش بلند شوند زیرا قرار است در «کشور زیباییها» به مبارزه با فاشیستها بپردازد و به حزب مقاومت ایتالیا کمک کند تا در جنگ جهانی دوم، فاشیسم را در کشور خود از بین ببرند. اینکه از چهار سال پیش، هر دو سال یکبار یک بازی در این مجموعه منتشر میشود و هر کدام داستان یک شخصیت خاص را دنبال میکنند تا در این پیش درآمدها احتمالا به داستان V2 برسند، همگی نشان از برنامهریزی دقیق سازنده برای مجموعه بازی خود دارد که ثابت کرده میتواند بازی سودآور و جیب پرکنی نیز باشد؛ ولی این مهم نیز اهمیت دارد که چهطور این داستانها قرار است به یکدیگر ربط پیدا کنند تا به V2 برسند؛ شاید هم واقعا اهمیتی نداشته باشند! فقط سال به سال داستان با یک شخصیت جلو میرود و احتمالا آنقدر برای سازنده پول میآورد که در نهایت شاهد عرضهی سالانه آن خواهیم بود؛ در شهرهای مختلف با بهانههای مختلف برای تکهپاره کردن دشمن! V1.5.0-STEAMPUNKS SNIPER.ELITE.4.DEDICATED.SERVER. V1.5.0-STEAMPUNKS|نسخه فشرده جدید CorePack v1.5.0 با حجم ۳۰٫۴GB اضافه شد| در بازی اگر چکمههای سربازها را هدف بگیرید چهار احتمال وجود دارد: ممکن است قلق اسلحهی مورد نظر باشد و تیر شما به سر هدف بخورد و شاهد صحنه آهسته حرکت گلوله و سپس تکهپاره شدن دشمن باشید! ممکن است تیر به همان قسمت از پای هدف اصابت کند و شاهد آن صحنه آهسته دلبرانه نباشید و هدف سیفون را بکشد و بمیرد، ممکن است فقط پا ضربه ببیند و هدف زنده بماند و با شما مبارزه کند! و اگر خیلی بدشانس باشید، ممکن است تیرتان کلا خطا رود. بهشخص پیشنهاد میکنم بیشتر سعی کنید گزینهی اول را بهاجرا درآورید تا به نشانهگیری چکمه، از ریشه به سر یکجا منهدم کنید تا ظلم و ستم نیز در کل از صحنهی هستی حذف شود؛ چیزی که غیرممکن است! در Sniper Elite 4، به جزییات توجه بسیار بیشتری نسبت به بازی قبلی شده و در هر زمینه بازی پیشرفتهای بهسزایی داشته. با توجه به معدود نمایشهای بازی، جزییات دید X-Ray بسیار بیشتر شده و خبر خوش این است که اکنون در انفجارها، مبارزات تنبهتن و با سلاح سرد نیز میتوانید جزییات شکستن استخوانها و پخش شدن خون و دیگر محتویات را تماشا کنید! بازی در همان سبک سوم شخص دنبال میشود که در آن هدف گیری با اسلحه تکتیر، دید مخاطب اول شخص میشود و از درون دوربین اسلحه میتوانید روبهروی خود را ببینید. مبارزات تنبهتن و با سلاح سرد بازی بسیار طبیعیتر از پیش کار شدهاند، و هماکنون دیگر قابلیت مخفی کاری با بالا و پایین رفتن از ساختمانها نیز به بازی اضافه شده تا نهتنها یک تکتیرانداز باشید، بلکه یک پارکور کار مبتدی نیز باشید. Discover unrivalled sniping freedom in the largest and most advanced World War 2 shooter ever built. آموزش نصب و کرک نسخه STEAMPUNKS بازی: توجه بسیار مهم!!برای اجرای بازی هایی که توسط گروه STEAMPUNKS کرک می شوند، لطفا از ویندوز 8 و 8.1 استفاده نکنید که مشکلات بسیار زیادی در اجرای کرک در این دو ویندوز گزارش شده است. 1) دقت داشته باشید که آنتی ویروس شما به طور کامل غیرفعال باشد. 2) فایل های فشرده را توسط نرم افزار WinRar اکسترکت کنید و فایل ISO بدست آمده پس از اکسترکت را توسط نرم افزار Daemon Tools به صورت Mount اجرا کنید. 3) به نصب بازی بپردازید. 4) فایل های موجود در پوشه STEAMPUNKS را در محل نصب بازی جایگزین نمایید. 5) بازی را از طریق شورت کات هایی که روی دسکتاپ شما ایجاد شده است اجرا کنید. یا از طریق دو فایل stp-se4dx11.exe برای اجرای بازی با DirectX 11 و یا فایل stp-se4dx12.exe برای اجرای بازی با DirectX 12 کمک بگیرید. آموزش استفاده از بخش آنلاین بازی با محتوای DEDICATED.SERVER-STEAMPUNKS بازی: این بخش برای حرفه ای هاست! لطفا دقت کنید و به درستی انجام دهید 1) ابتدا محتوای بخش سرور یعنی فایل های SNIPER.ELITE.4.DEDICATED.SERVER-STEAMPUNKS را دانلود کنید و اکسترکت نمایید. 2) فایل ISO را اجرا کرده و محل نصب آن را محل نصب بازی خود انتخاب کنید. 3) شما می توانید از طریق شورتکاتی که روی دسکتاپ ایجاد می شود حالت سرور را اجرا کنید یا به محل نصب بازی خود رفته و از آدرس bin/SniperElite4_Dedicated.exe فایل اجرایی را اجرا کنید. برای اجرای بازی نیاز هست که فایل کانفیگ شخصی خود را ایجاد کنید. یعنی Steam ID و نام کاربری مشخص خود را در فایل ini وارد کنید که در بخش “آموزش ایجاد نام کاربری منحصر به فرد جهت بازی آنلاین” توضیح داده شده است. 4) وارد کنسول شوید (یا با استفاده از کلید ترکیبی ctrl+tab) و به آیپی مورد نظر خود متصل شوید که عموما به فرمت: می باشد. پورت پیش فرض شما 27010 می باشد که باید در فایروال و سیستم خود بلاک نکرده باشید تا اجازه دسترسی آنلاین داشته باشد. برای مشاهده پورت های مورد استفاده برای بازی آنلاین می توانید فایل default.cfg را باز کرده و مشاهده کنید. 5) باز هم تاکید میکنیم که باید حرفه ای باشید تا بتوانید استفاده کنید! از بخش آنلاین بازی نهایت لذت را ببرید. آموزش ایجاد نام کاربری منحصر به فرد جهت بازی آنلاین گروه STEAMPUNKS در بازی Sniper Elite 4 یک ویژگی بسیار بسیار منحصر به فرد را به کرک خود اضافه کرده اند! اینکه شما می توانید با نام و آیدی منحصر به فرد خود برای بازی آنلاین یا گذراندن مراحل بازی باشید و دیگر خبری از اسم انحصاری STEAMPUNKS در سرتاسر بازی نیست! بدین منظور: فایل stp-steam.ini را توسط نرم افزارهای ویرایش متن (ترجیحا Notepad++ باشد) باز کنید. به دنبال عبارت AccountId=33068179 باشید و مقدار عددی 33068179 را به مقدار دلخواه خود در بازه 1 الی تغییر دهید. هم چنین برای تغییر نام خود در بازی های آنلاین (لقب انحصاری خود) نیاز هست خط PersonaName=STEAMPUNKS را پیدا کنید و عبارت STEAMPUNKS را با اسم مورد نظر خود مثلا DLHA تغییر دهید. فایل را ذخیره کنید و بازی را اجرا کنید. آموزش نصب کرک فیکس Sniper.Elite.4.V1.4.1.Steamworks.and.Dedicated.Server.Fix.V2-REVOLT بازی: همان طور که پیش بینی می شد، نسخه STEAMPUNKS مشکل در ارتباط با سرورها داشته که گروه REVOLT یعنی شخص VOKSI فیکس برای این بخش تعبیه دیده است. این فیکس هم برای بخش مالتی پلیر بازی و هم بخش Dedicated Server می باشد. بدین منظور برای فیکس بخش اصلی بازی و حالت مالتی پلیر لطفا: 1) بازی را نصب کنید و پس از اتمام نصب، وارد پوشه Steamworks Fix در فایل دانلودی REVOLT شوید. 2) محتوای درون این پوشه را در محل نصب بازی خود کپی و جایگزین نمایید. یعنی به جای استفاده از کرک STEAMPUNKS از کرک REVOLT که در پوشه Steamworks Fix می باشد استفاده کنید! 3) بازی را توسط یکی از فایل های اجرایی stp-se4dx11.exe یا stp-se4dx12.exe اجرا کنید. 4) در محیط بازی وارد بخش آنلاین شوید. شما هم می توانید کلاینت باشید یعنی به سروری که سایر کاربران درست کرده اند متصل شوید یا اینکه سرور باشید و سایرین را به سرور ساخته شده توسط سیستم خود دعویت کنید. به همین سادگی! برای فیکس بخش Dedicated Server نیز بدین ترتیب عمل کنید: 1) پس از نصب نسخه اصلی بازی، فایل های بخش DEDICATED.SERVER-STEAMPUNKS را نیز دانلود و نصب کنید. 2) این بار فایل های پوشه Dedicated Server که در کرک REVOLT می باشد را در فولدر بازی خود کپی و جایگزین نمایید. یعنی از کرک REVOLT به جای STEAMPUNKS استفاده کنید! 3) مشخصات سرور را در فایل default.cfg ویرایش کنید و تنظیمات خود را انجام دهید. 4) حتما مطمئن شوید که پورت های 27000, 27005, 27010, 27015 TCP در سیستم شما قابل دسترسی باشند و توسط فایروال بلاک نشده باشند. سرور خود را توسط فایل اجرایی SniperElite4_Dedicated.exe اجرا کنید. 5) سرور شما در بخش سرورهای بازی قابل نمایش می باشد! توضیحات نصب نسخه FitGirl بازی: 1) در هنگام نصب، دقت داشته باشید که تیک گزینه های اضافی را بردارید. گزینه های اضافی “Update DirectX”، سایر زبان های غیر از انگلیسی و نسخه های مختلف C++ بازی (در صورتی که دانلود نکرده اید) می باشند. دقت کنید که توصیه می شود تمامی نسخه های 32بیتی و 64بیتی پیش نیاز Microsoft Visual C++ از 2005 الی 2015 را بر روی سیستم خود نصب کنید تا مشکلی نداشته باشید. برای این موضوع، می توانید مجموعه کامل این پیش نیازها را ازدانلود کنید. 2) پس از اتمام نصب، بازی به طور خودکار کرک می شود و نیازی نیست بازی را کرک کنید. بازی را اجرا کرده و از آن لذت ببرید. آموزش استفاده از Dedicated Server به زبان ساده تر: دوستانی که قصد دارند از طریق DEDICATED.SERVER-STEAMPUNKS آنلاین بازی کنن از این طریق عمل کنن. هاست: ۱- فایل سرور رو دانلود و نصب کنید. ۲- مطابق “آموزش ایجاد نام کاربری منحصر به فرد جهت بازی آنلاین” که در راهنمای نصب هست تنظیمات را انجام بدید. ۳- شما می توانید از طریق شورتکاتی که روی دسکتاپ ایجاد می شود حالت سرور را اجرا کنید یا به محل نصب بازی خود رفته و از آدرس bin/SniperElite4_Dedicated.exe فایل اجرایی را اجرا کنید. ۴- سرور شما مطابق تصویر موجود در لینک زیر اجرا شده است. () کلاینت: برای اتصال به سرور مراحل زیر را دنبال کنید: ۱- بازی را نصب و کرک STEAMPUNKS را در پوشه محل نصب بازی کپی کنید (دقت کنید که فایل ها را در پوشه اصلی بازی کپی کنید نه پوشه “bin”) ۲- بازی را در حالت ادمین (Run as Administrator) اجرا کنید. ۳- در صورتی که با مشکل عدم اتصال مواجه شدید لازم است پورت ۲۷۰۱۰ TCP را در فایروال خود باز کنید (اطلاعات بیشتر و راهنمایی در لینک زیر) ۳- بازی را در حالت ادمین (Run as Administrator) اجرا کنید. ۴- در محیط بازی، کنسول را با زدن کلید “~” (زیر کلید ESC) باز کنید و آیپی هاست را به صورت مثال زیر وارد کنید و کلید اینتر (Enter) را برای اتصال بزنید. Connect 5.231.85.6:27010 ۵- برای اتصال به هاست خودتان (در صورتی که هاست را روی کامپیوتر خودتان اجرا کرده اید) آیپی را به صورت زیر وارد کنید: connect 127.0.0.1:27010 توجه: آیپی فوق تنها برای کسی است که سرور را روی سیستم خود اجرا کرده است، سایر کسانی که میخواهند به سرور وصل شوند باید آیپی سیستمی که سرور روی آن اجرا شده است را برای اتصال وارد کنند. برای دانستن آیپی خود به سایت زیر مراجعه کنید نکته مهم: در صورتی که با پیغام خطا مواجه شدید موارد زیر را چک کنید: (۱) احتمالا سرور درست تنظیم و اجرا نشده است. (۲) آیپی را درست وارد نکرده اید. (۳) پورت را بعد از آیپی مطابق دستور فوق وارد نکرده اید. (۴) پورت شما بسته است و لازم است از طریق فایروال آن را باز کنید. (۵) برای تغییر مپ های بازی فایل “MapList_AllModes.cfg” موجود در پوشه سرور بازی را ویرایش کنید. (۶) آیپی یک سرور خارجی برای بازی و یا تست (connect 5.231.85.6:27010) لینک دانلود. توضیحات: نسخه کاملا آپدیت شده بازی تحت عنوان V1.5.0 توسط گروه STEAMPUNKS کرک و منتشر شد. آپدیت جداگانه برای نسخه قبلی بازی هنوز منتشر نشده است. به محض انتشار قرار خواهد گرفت. نسخه های فیت گرل و کورپک در حال حاضر، آپدیت نسخه قبلی یعنی FitGirl & CorePack = v1.4.1 هستند! در صورت انتشار نسخه جدید، جایگزین خواهند شد! برای مشاهده لیست تغییرات این آپدیت مهم، لطفا را کلیک کنید. ویژگی های نسخه CorePack بازی: برای مشاهده ویژگی های کامل نسخه کورپک، به طور خلاصه، نسخه کورپک همه ویژگی ها را به صورت یکجا دارد و بعد از دانلود و نصب آن، نیاز به هیچ چیز دیگری ندارید. سلام خسته نباشید. من نسخه steampunks رو از سایت خودتون گرفتم و نصب و اجرا کردم هیچ مشکلی نه در نصب نه اجرا نداشت. ویندوز و کارت گرافیک و سایر برنامه ها هم یک هفته نیست اپدیت کردم اما مشکلی که هست بازی بشدت بی کیفیته. یعنی روی low و ultra هردو دقیقا مثل همه و هیچ فرقی نمیکنه. کارت گرافیکم و سیستمم خیلی قویتر از این حرفاست که بگیم مشکل ازون بود. تمام بازیای امسال رو روی ultra بازی کردم اما این بازی اصلا تغییرات گرافیکی که میزنم روش اجرا نمیشه. ینفر دیگم تو همین قسمت اینو نوشته که در جوابش گفتین به نسخه ۱٫۵٫۰ ارتقا بدید حل میشه. منم ۶٫۵ گیگ دانلود کردم و الان ۱٫۵٫۰ هست. بازم بدون مشکل دارم بازی میکنم ولی گرافیک همونه. یعنی دقیقا مثل بازی های سال ۲۰۰۷ و ۲۰۰۸ هست گرافیکش! ممنون میشم راهنمایی بفرمایید. سلام با تشکر از دوستانمون تو سایت دانلودها آموزش مولتی پلیر رو برای کسانی که احتمالا از طریق آموزش قرار داده شده نتوستن اجرا کنن یه مقدار ساده تر توضیح میدم: دوستانی که قصد دارند از طریق DEDICATED.SERVER-STEAMPUNKS آنلاین بازی کنن از این طریق عمل کنن. هاست: ۱- فایل سرور رو دانلود و نصب کنید. ۲- مطابق “آموزش ایجاد نام کاربری منحصر به فرد جهت بازی آنلاین” که در راهنمای نصب هست تنظیمات را انجام بدید. ۳- شما می توانید از طریق شورتکاتی که روی دسکتاپ ایجاد می شود حالت سرور را اجرا کنید یا به محل نصب بازی خود رفته و از آدرس bin/SniperElite4_Dedicated.exe فایل اجرایی را اجرا کنید. ۴- سرور شما مطابق تصویر موجود در لینک زیر اجرا شده است. () کلاینت: برای اتصال به سرور مراحل زیر را دنبال کنید: ۱- بازی را نصب و کرک STEAMPUNKS را در پوشه محل نصب بازی کپی کنید (دقت کنید که فایل ها را در پوشه اصلی بازی کپی کنید نه پوشه “bin”) ۲- بازی را در حالت ادمین (Run as Administrator) اجرا کنید. ۳- در صورتی که با مشکل عدم اتصال مواجه شدید لازم است پورت ۲۷۰۱۰ TCP را در فایروال خود باز کنید (اطلاعات بیشتر و راهنمایی در لینک زیر) ۳- بازی را در حالت ادمین (Run as Administrator) اجرا کنید. ۴- در محیط بازی، کنسول را با زدن کلید “~” (زیر کلید ESC) باز کنید و آیپی هاست را به صورت مثال زیر وارد کنید و کلید اینتر (Enter) را برای اتصال بزنید. Connect 5.231.85.6:27010 ۵- برای اتصال به هاست خودتان (در صورتی که هاست را روی کامپیوتر خودتان اجرا کرده اید) آیپی را به صورت زیر وارد کنید: connect 127.0.0.1:27010 توجه: آیپی فوق تنها برای کسی است که سرور را روی سیستم خود اجرا کرده است، سایر کسانی که میخواهند به سرور وصل شوند باید آیپی سیستمی که سرور روی آن اجرا شده است را برای اتصال وارد کنند. برای دانستن آیپی خود به سایت زیر مراجعه کنید نکته مهم: در صورتی که با پیغام خطا مواجه شدید موارد زیر را چک کنید: (۱) احتمالا سرور درست تنظیم و اجرا نشده است. (۲) آیپی را درست وارد نکرده اید. (۳) پورت را بعد از آیپی مطابق دستور فوق وارد نکرده اید. (۴) پورت شما بسته است و لازم است از طریق فایروال آن را باز کنید. (۵) برای تغییر مپ های بازی فایل “MapList_AllModes.cfg” موجود در پوشه سرور بازی را ویرایش کنید. (۶) آیپی یک سرور خارجی برای بازی و یا تست (connect 5.231.85.6:27010) امیدوارم توضیحات کامل بوده باشه و مشکل دوستان برای بازی آنلاین حل بشه. پاسخ داده: اتفاقا گند زده با لحن صحبت کردنش. در هر صورت این جواب STEAMPUNKS: Dear Voksi, we read with great interest your comments on our Sniper Elite 4 releases, so our release is not working properly and we tried to do a steamworks fix? WTH was going through your mind, maybe heat exhaustion, a bad day or no sex for a very long time? Lets clarify and explain you a few things Our SE4 Deluxe & SE4 dedicated server releases do NOT require steam installed, it is totally steam independent The dedicated server offers the ability to users to play together in a multiplayer environment with our cracked version and this without steam installed. Is that clear enough to you now? If you want to do your steamworks fix that is using the old old old spacewar trick,requiring steam to be installed and connecting to a steam profile, up to you but don’t try pretending we did that so you can have your little Ego trip “PROPERING” a cracking group Next time think before making your statements and respect your elders That little boy needs a good spanking and maybe a free ride on the STEAMPUNKS bang bus اینم جواب VOKSI. پیرو جواب شما (((اگر ویروس داشت از نظر ما، به هیچ وجه قرار نمیدادیم.))) من نگفتم ویروس داره! ویروس که کارش خرابکاریه سیستمه. من گفتم تروجان!!تروجان وسیله ابزار هکرها هست که اونها را به طریقهای مختلف مثل ایمیل یا کرک و وارد کامپیوتر ما میکنند.کامپیوتر ما هیچ صدمه ای نمیبینه اما میتونند اطلاعات شخصی مارا کنترل کنند یا اینکه میتونند تو حمله های سایبری از طریق این تروجان ها از کامپیوتر شما به عنوان attacker استفاده کنند و. به هرحال من ۲۸ گیگ دانلود کردم اما تصمیم گرفتم پاک کنم. در اخر میخوام از مقام ریاست جمهوری تشکر کنم (خخخ) ، که اینقدر سرعت اینترنت مارا بالا میبره که ما تو یه شب رایگان ۲۸ گیگ دانلود میکنیم و بی خود بی جهت به خاطر یک تروجان ۲۸ گیگ را پاک میکنیم.خخخ هییییی روزگار دایالاپی یادت بخیر. ببخشید کرک این بازی دارای یک تروجان به اسم packed.vmprotect.ABD trojan هست که من search کردم یه جا نوشته بود اگه این تروجان تو کامپیوتر شما باشد اطلاعات شخصی کامپیوتر از طریق شبکه اینترنت دزدی میشود. What is Win32/Packed.VMProtect.ABD? Win32/Packed.VMProtect.ABD is classified as a Trojan virus. This Trojan is designed by the network criminals with the purpose of stealing the computer user’s personal information. In general, it is usually associated with some other malicious viruses. It has the ability to help different malware, spyware and ransomware get into the infected computer. It is also able to bypass most antivirus programs to infect many computers around the world. Therefore, we all should be more vigilant when encountering such a vicious Trojan infection. You should make sure that it is completely removed from the computer before performing daily activities so as to avoid information leakage. میخواستم بدونم الان من چکار کنم کرک را از قرنطینه انتی ویروس دربیارم بازی کنم یا اینکه نه!! یه راهنمایی کنید ببینید خطرناکه این تروجان یا نه! 'Trinity War Preview': Centuries in the past, the story opens with a narration by a weeping. 20 hours ago. I am Groot issue 1 Download images at nomoremutants-com.tumblr.com Key Film Dates Logan: Mar 3 2017 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. From DC Comics and Cryptozoic Entertainment comes this 'DC Comics Mini Comic Tile Collection' featuring a comic book spinning news stand, with replaceable. Sep 20, 2014. This issue sets up events soon to come in the DC Universe, while telling the origin tale of the mysterious Pandora, the woman who merged several universes at the end of Flashpoint. The title also includes previews of the six 'second wave' New 52 titles, Batman Incorporated, Dial H, Earth 2, Worlds' Finest,. DC Comics' 2012 Free Comic Book Day offering, written by Geoff Johns and illustrated by top artists, Jim Lee, Ivan Reis, Gene Ha, and Kenneth Rocafort. This issue sets up events soon to come in the DC Universe, while telling the origin tale of the mysterious Pandora, the woman who merged several universes at the end of Flashpoint. The title also includes previews of the six 'second wave' New 52 titles, Batman Incorporated, Dial H, Earth 2, Worlds' Finest, The Ravagers, and G.I. “There was a time when man first discovered magic. A time when those who first harnessed its power believed it to be their responsibility to protect the world. And to punish those guilty of harming it.” Centuries ago. Three individuals are summoned to the for judgement. They are the greatest transgressors known to humankind. They are the. The first of them, a man with dark hair in a long blue cloak, begs for forgiveness. “Forgive me as he would!” They judge him as beyond forgiveness. Greed is his sin, and his greed has forever darkened the world. Silver pieces fuse together around his neck, branding his skin, an eternal reminder of his greed. He screams, and his hair goes white with shock. He is sentenced to walk the earth as to all, cursed to bear witness to the consequences of greed throughout the world. The second of them, a shirtless man with light red hair, stands defiantly against the gathered wizards. “If you do not kill me, I will rise to power again! And you will fear my name as does the world!” In sentencing him, the takes his face. None will know him. All will forget him. If you weren't able to make it to your local comic shop on FCBD, or if you just prefer to read your comics digitally, you can now download DC's two highly discussed FCBD offerings: DC COMICS–THE NEW 52 FCBD SPECIAL EDITION and DC NATION FCBD SUPER SAMPLER/SUPERMAN FAMILY. And one day, even he will forget his feared name. He is cursed to his identity forever, to seek answers he will never find. Finally, the Circle of Eternity comes to the last among them, a woman,. And she doesn’t know what she did wrong. “You opened!” they yell. “The prison to tragedy and torment and torture! You unleashed the terrors of man!” The young woman begs them to help her, help her not be evil. But it is too late. She is sentenced to an eternity of loneliness. An eternity of being told she was evil for no reason than that she opened a box. Centuries pass in tears, in shame, in isolation. The in,, is the world’s largest covert research facility for housing extraterrestrial, unidentified and classified technology recovered from around the globe. And today, not long after the delivers the android to them for study, the Red Room is on lockdown. As warnings sound throughout the facility, Dr. Attempts to contact, but to no avail. This leads to an argument between him and his colleague, who feels Stone is far more interested in the machine his son was made into than the man he has become. Summons Stone and Charles into the other room, where the alien “monitor machine” has come online for the first time. It picks up a signal that seems to originate in another universe. There, notably different versions of,, and do battle against the horde that attacked Earth five years ago. Other snippets of the universe’s radically different history show new heroes rising from the ashes of that battle. Unbeknownst to them, the machine activated in response to the mysterious Pandora, searching for something within the Red Room’s walls. When her search ends fruitless, she leaves, and the signal blinks off just as mysteriously as it began. She knows that what she’s searching for is close. At an facility in, Col. And his assistant discuss the Justice League’s recent battle against mad android. Candy worries that someone will sue them for property damages, but Trevor assures her they’ve arranged things so that takes the blame for any such damage. At his insistence, she briefs him on A.R.G.U.S. Monitoring activities. They’ve recently lost track of. They’re also monitoring. She also points out a book that arrived for him. No signs of where it came from, but it’s just a book; a copy of ’ “Justice League: Gods Among Us.” Just then, an alert sounds. Someone has broken into the, the A.R.G.U.S. Vault containing the world’s most dangerous supernatural artifacts. With still in, no one is present to oversee its contents. Some believe this may be the same person who recently stole the, but once inside they find an unidentified female: Pandora. The Black Room holds in storage an amazing collection: the, the, the Seven Spells of. But Pandora comes for one thing only. Pandora’s Box. Trevor orders his men to attack her, knowing they cannot let her leave with it. He was there when it was recovered, and many of his friends died to make sure it didn’t fall into the wrong hands. But she will not be denied. She believes it to be the source of her curse, and ultimately, the source of her salvation. In a blink, she disappears. Trevor receives reports of the attack on the Red Room. He orders an immediate lockdown of the other rooms, placing an emphasis on the Circus. He summons, and sends word for. One of his men suggests they call the Justice League, but Trevor isn’t sure they’re up for a mission like this. “It’s just a matter of time before this all comes crashing down.” In the near future. Batman tangles with. The young man, new to the uniform, is formidable, but in Batman’s estimation he’s “no.” He uses a capsule of acid to break free of the young man’s constructs, and gets clear just as Superman rams a column directly into Batman’s opponent. Chaos grips the future as those now called heroes battle each other in what will be known as the. File: I have on occassion taken out the cotherm stats and fitted a normal stat with Have you had any had problems on TSR Cotherm thermostats in particular overheating Buy Cotherm – Replacement TSE 11″ T115 16A 250V Immersion Thermostat TSE00187 Suitable for use with upper or lower Immersion Heaters on Unvented Cylinders at Unvented Cotherm Type Tse Manual. TSE TSR Series Instructions. Manual Reset Security Cutout. Cotherm Type Tse Manual. The Cotherm TSE00187 thermostat is CE marked and Introduction. Please note that most of these Brand Names are registered Trade Marks, Company Names or otherwise controlled and their inclusion in this index is My sister has a Heatrae Sadia megaflo hot water tank with two immersion heaters for her hot water. Heating is separate, by storage heaters (no gas Dual Function Rod / Stem Thermostat with safety cut-out sensing within the immersed stem Click the button below to add the Cotherm Megaflo Premier Plus Replacement Immersion Stat TSR00009 to your wish list. Manual Radiator Valves; Heatrae Sadia 8846539. TSR Thermostat White This part is a genuine Heatrae Sadia 8846539 TSR Thermostat White. Buy Heatrae Sadia Megaflo/Megaflow Tse Thermostat from Amazon Cotherm 14″ Replacement Unvented TSE TSR TSEU Type Single pole stem control with double Air & water heating controls, thermostats & refrigeration controls. Appliance manufacturers around the world choose Cotherm for reliability & quality Manual Radiator Valves; Cotherm (Megaflo) TSR 11″ Immersion Thermostat. Cotherm TSDR0702 7-inch thermostat for immersion heaters. Manual Radiator Valves; Cotherm (Megaflo) TSR 11″ Immersion Thermostat. Cotherm TSDR0702 7-inch thermostat for immersion heaters. Captain morgans spiced gold rum recipes Connecticut Search: Buy captain morgans spiced gold rum types Connecticut Search: Buy captain morgans spiced gold rum vs Connecticut Search: Buy captain morgans spiced gold rum vs dark Connecticut Search: Buy captain morgans spiced gold rum vs white Connecticut. KEY BENEFITS OF WARM MIX ASPHALT Asphalt Grade Mixing Additive TSR Rutting Compactibility Dosing / Mixing Manual Automated m) COTHERM TSE T115 Request any owner’s manual, instructions book, user’s guide, service manual, schematics, parts list Literature library. Whether you’re after an installation and service manual or some simple guidance on how to use your product,,,,,. Can a Thermostat be changed without draining the complete Cylinder? Yes • Ensure the power supply is isolated before removing the immersion heater cover. • Disconnect the electrical connections from the thermostat body. • Carefully withdraw the thermostat and replace with a suitable new thermostat. • Reconnect the electrical connections, ensuring these are adequately Note – With Plug in thermostats resistance will be felt when with removing the faulty thermostat, care should be taken not to twist the thermostat from side to side during its removal. When replacing the plug thermostat with a replacement care must be taken to ensure correct location of the male tag into the tightened female Tag. What are the temperature setting on a Cotherm TSE 00187 Thermostat? A. 1 = 10°C, 2 = 25°C, 3 = 40°C, 4 = 55°C & 5 = 70°C Q. How do I connect the wiring to a Cotherm TSE00187 Thermostat? A. A = Live (Brown)| B = Neutral (Blue) Q.Is there a reset button on a Cotherm TSE00187 Thermostat? Yes It is situated above the number 1 on the temperature scale and is marked (Safety) Q. What are the temperature settings on a Thermowatt RTS3 Thermostat? A. Operating Trip – Single Dot is the lower limit and Double Dot is the higher limit. Red Dial 52° – 60°C (75°C Safety Cut-Out) Blue Dial 63° – 71°C (85°C Safety Cut-Out) Yellow Dial 52° – 60°C (70°C Safety Cut-Out) RTS Plus 52° – 60°C (90°C Safety Cut-Out) Q. Is there a reset Button on a Thermowatt RTS3 Thermostat? Yes it is situated in a small recess above the temperature control dial Q. My Immersion Heater needs replacing how I know what to buy? All our Immersion heaters have a product code either on the side wall of the cover or on the top of the cover. This code will be a series of letters and numbers please see images. Q. Do all domestic Immersion Heaters require a second level of protection against over temperature operation? A. Yes this can take 3 different forms. • Single Dual function thermostat • Single control thermostat and separate over temperature manual reset button cut out. • Single control thermostat with a second manual reset over temperature thermostat. I can not find the product code for my immersion heater what information do I need to purchase the correct replacement? You will need to know the length of your immersion heater, the Power rating in watts, the size of the thread of the brass boss and whether your hot water system is vented or unvented Q. How do I tell if my hot water system is vented or unvented? Unvented cylinders work directly from the mains supply of water and are essentially a hot water storage cylinder; where as vented cylinders are connected, via a vent pipe, to the cold water storage tank which is usually located within the loft space of most properties. How do I know the Size of the thread on my immersion heater brass boss? A. All domestic immersion heaters have a BSP thread size on the brass boss. The actual measurement across the diameter of this boss is 0.25 inches larger than the stated BSP thread size. For example a 2.25 inch BSP thread will have a diameter of approx 2.5 inches see attached illustration. How do I find out the length of my immersion heater? A. The only way to be certain of the length of your immersion heater is to measure from the underside of the brass boss to the end of the heating element. However if your immersion heater is fitted in the side wall of your hot water cylinder (horizontally) then it will usually have a length of between 11 and 16 inches. If it is fitted to the top of your hot water cylinder (vertically) then it usually has a length of 18 to 36 inches dependant on the size of your hot water cylinder. My Immersion heater is not working – How do I know what’s wrong? 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It can be used as an external bluetooth speaker Specification • Model: Virtual Laser Keyboard Power Bank L2 Keyboard • light source:Red laser diode Keyboard layout:Approx.19mm incline, full-sized QWERTY layout • Projection size:240mm(W)*100mm(H) • Projected Keyboard location: Approx. 100mm from keyboard device • Required projection surface: Non-reflective, opaque flat surface Detection rate: Over 350 characters per minute • Operation Surface: Anyopaque flat surface • Working Temperature: Approx. -10~40°C/90%RH • Storage Temperature: Approx. -20~40°C°C/~90%RH • Physical Dimension: 84mm*22.5mm*58mm • Weight: 180g • Input DC Charging Power: Above2A @5V-5.4V • External Power source: USB port, UP TO 2.1A @5V • Battery capacity: Polymer rechargeable battery, 5200mAH(Max)@3.7V • Battery working time: 30 hours • Battery charging time: 3 hours • USB interface: USB 1.1 and 2.0. 1.0 • Bluetooth: V3.0(class 2), HID Profile Ver. 1.0 • Frequency Range: 2402-2480MHz • Channel: 79 • Modulation: GFSK • Specification: - Keyboard: full sized QWERTY layout • Projection distance: approx. 100mm from your device • Dimensions: 84mm x 22.5 mm x 58mm Package Includes: 1* 4 in1 Virtual Bluetooth Laser Keyboard & Mouse / Power Bank/ Speaker 1*USB cable 1*User Manual. Description Now you can sing karaoke with yours smartphone on the go, in a party or even in your car, thanks to the Smartphone Karaoke Microphone and FM transmitter. |
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